Epidemiology, clinical ramifications, and cellular pathogenesis of COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination-induced adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A state-of-the-heart review

Global reports of myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In accordance with the present results, previous studies have demonstrated that almost all of the cases experienced a prompt recovery with no residual cardiac dysfunction. The median length of stay for all myocarditis cases was around 2–3 days, with a range of 2–10 days [ 23 ].…”

Chronological Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Times of COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis of Hospitalized Diseases of the Circulatory System and COVID-19 Patients of a German University Hospital

“…Since the national roll-out of vaccination programs in January 2021, the cardiovascular case numbers have stabilized in terms of monthly variations (i.e., median relative increase February–May 2021 of +1.4%) followed by another phase of catch-up effect at the end of the second lockdown and decreasing regional incidence (i.e., median relative increase June–September 2021 of +10.9%). As such, the feared effect of cardiovascular post-vaccination and the long-term complications of COVID-19 does not cannot yet be visualized on a yearly basis for the development of overall regional cardiovascular disease in the care environment of Marburg University Hospital [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Nevertheless, the analysis of the sub-disciplines and most treated main diagnoses points towards varying effects of cardiovascular specialties and diseases and calls for a more nuanced illustration of the impact of the pandemic on the regional care situation.…”

“…Cardiac conditions including acute myocardial injury, pulmonary embolism, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, myocarditis and even sudden heart failure, as well as ischemic stroke have been identified as health threats due to treatment complications and argue for a high burden of cardiovascular disease among COVID-19 patients [ 5 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Beyond that, heavily discussed increased risk of post-vaccination myocarditis, pericarditis or cardiac arrhythmias and severe long-term effects of COVID-19 intensify the need for monitoring patients for cardiovascular conditions to prevent a shift in acute mortality and counteract chronification of cardiac and neurological disease [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The current literature is limited to time segments of the pandemic and parts of the cardiovascular disease spectrum, neglects a clearly arranged chronological assessment and leaves out the perspective of an in-patient maximum care provider.…”

CMR Manifestations, Influencing Factors and Molecular Mechanism of Myocarditis Induced by COVID-19 Mrna Vaccine

“…In a study on 27 patients with cardiac inflammation caused by COVID-19 vaccine, most complained of chest pain, palpitations, joint pain and dyspnea, exhibiting elevated cardiac troponin I (HS cTnI) levels, and 77.8% of patients had ST-segment elevation or T wave inversion in electrocardiogram (ECG) (Table 1a,1b, Ref. [5,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]). Amir et al [20] retrospectively collected 15 cases of myocarditis related to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in five major children's medical centers in Israel.…”

“…COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has a positive effect on preventing coronavirus infection. Dagan et al [3] reported that the study of large-scale COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Israel showed that COVID-19 mRNA vaccine could effectively prevent COVID-19 infection and reduce COVID-19 severe patients [3][4][5]. However, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has also been associated with an increased incidence of relatively rare diseases, such as myocardial injury, myocarditis thrombosis, tubulitis, macrovasculitis and Kawasaki disease [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”