Epidemiology of documented viral respiratory infections and acute otitis media in a cohort of children followed from two to twenty-four months of age

Vesa, Sirpa; Kleemola, Marjaana; Blomqvist, Soile; Takala, Aino K.; Kilpi, Terhi; Hovi, Tapani

doi:10.1097/00006454-200106000-00006

Cited by 142 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Assays that screen for HRV typically target the highly con- served 5Ј UTR for amplification (5,9,10,27,38). However, in addition to detection, identification of the infecting species or serotype is of key importance diagnostically for the detection of mixed infections or a reinfection with different HRV serotypes, as well as in broader clinical investigations of the relationship between a serotype or species with disease severity and in epidemiological investigations of the circulation and turnover of HRVs (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRV infections are transmitted most commonly by the respiratory-salivary route, both by person-to-person contact and by airborne transmission. In temperate countries, infections occur primarily in two peaks, with the first being in April and May and the second being in September and October (24,38). HRV infections occur in all age groups during all seasons, with a 90% past infection frequency by the age of 2 years (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Screening Respiratory Samples for Detection of Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) and Enteroviruses: Comprehensive VP4-VP2 Typing Reveals High Incidence and Genetic Diversity of HRV Species C

et al. 2009

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Rhinovirus infections are the most common cause of viral illness in humans, and there is increasing evidence of their etiological role in severe acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are classified into two species, species A and B, which contain over 100 serotypes, and a recently discovered genetically heterogeneous third species (HRV species C). To investigate their diversity and population turnover, screening for the detection and the genetic characterization of HRV variants in diagnostic respiratory samples was performed by using nested primers for the efficient amplification of the VP4-VP2 region of HRV (and enterovirus) species and serotype identification. HRV species A, B, and C variants were detected in 14%, 1.8%, and 6.8%, respectively, of 456 diagnostic respiratory samples from 345 subjects (6 samples also contained enteroviruses), predominantly among children under age 10 years. HRV species A and B variants were remarkably heterogeneous, with 22 and 6 different serotypes, respectively, detected among 73 positive samples. Similarly, by using a pairwise distance threshold of 0.1, species C variants occurring worldwide were provisionally assigned to 47 different types, of which 15 were present among samples from Edinburgh, United Kingdom. There was a rapid turnover of variants, with only 5 of 43 serotypes detected during both sampling periods. By using divergence thresholds and phylogenetic analysis, several species A and C variants could provisionally be assigned to new types. An initial investigation of the clinical differences between rhinovirus species found HRV species C to be nearly twice as frequently associated with ARTIs than other rhinovirus species, which matches the frequencies of detection of respiratory syncytial virus. The study demonstrates the extraordinary genetic diversity of HRVs, their rapid population turnover, and their extensive involvement in childhood respiratory disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Screening Respiratory Samples for Detection of Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) and Enteroviruses: Comprehensive VP4-VP2 Typing Reveals High Incidence and Genetic Diversity of HRV Species C

et al. 2009

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“…In developed countries, infants experience several RTIs during the first year of life and one quarter suffer from recurrent or prolonged infections (1,2). RTIs often coincide with or precede acute otitis media (AOM), the most common cause for antibiotic use in children (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in reducing the risk of infections in early childhood

Taipale¹,

Pienihäkkinen

Isolauri

et al. 2015

Pediatr Res

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ArticlesBackground: Specific probiotic bacteria have proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in early life in at-risk populations. The impact of administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on the risk of acute infectious diseases was studied in healthy children. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 109 1-mo-old infants were assigned randomly to a probiotic group receiving a BB-12-containing tablet (n = 55) or a placebo (n = 54). Test tablets were administered to the infants twice a day (daily dose of BB-12 10 billion colony-forming units) until the age of 2 y with a novel slow-release pacifier or a spoon. Breastfeeding habits, pacifier use, dietary habits, medications, and all signs and symptoms of acute infections were registered in diaries by parents and in questionnaires by trained professionals. results: The infants receiving BB-12 were reported to have experienced fewer respiratory tract infections (RTIs; 87 vs. 100%; risk ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 1.00; P = 0.033) than the controls. No significant differences between the groups were observed in reported gastrointestinal symptoms, otitis media, or fever. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, as was the duration of breastfeeding. conclusion: Administration of BB-12 in early childhood may reduce RTIs.

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“…This event was the genesis of investigations into the epidemiology and pathology of viral-bacterial infections revealing other associations between pathogens that cause infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Since that time, studies with humans have shown that respiratory viruses can enhance bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx (4,13,44,49) and facilitate bacterial invasion and spread to the middle ear (21,48), the sinuses (12,17), and the lungs (25,28). This association is most evident for influenza virus because of the striking impact on mortality from secondary bacterial pneumonia (43).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Novel Parainfluenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Inhibitor BCX 2798 Prevents Lethal Synergism between a Paramyxovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Alymova¹,

Portner²,

Takimoto³

et al. 2005

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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An association exists between respiratory viruses and bacterial infections. Prevention or treatment of the preceding viral infection is a logical goal for reducing this important cause of morbidity and mortality. The ability of the novel, selective parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor BCX 2798 to prevent the synergism between a paramyxovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae was examined in this study. A model of secondary bacterial pneumonia after infection with a recombinant Sendai virus whose hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene was replaced with that of human parainfluenza virus type 1 [rSV(hHN)] was established in mice. Challenge of mice with a sublethal dose of S. pneumoniae 7 days after a sublethal infection with rSV(hHN) (synergistic group) caused 100% mortality. Bacterial infection preceding viral infection had no effect on survival. The mean bacterial titers in the synergistic group were significantly higher than in mice infected with bacteria only. The virus titers were similar in mice infected with rSV(hHN) alone and in dually infected mice. Intranasal administration of BCX 2798 at 10 mg/kg per day to the synergistic group of mice starting 4 h before virus infection protected 80% of animals from death. This effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in lung viral and bacterial titers. Treatment of mice 24 h after the rSV(hHN) infection showed no protection against synergistic lethality. Together, our results indicate that parainfluenza viruses can prime for secondary bacterial infections. Prophylaxis of parainfluenza virus infections with antivirals might be an effective strategy for prevention of secondary bacterial complications in humans.

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Epidemiology of documented viral respiratory infections and acute otitis media in a cohort of children followed from two to twenty-four months of age

Cited by 142 publications

References 33 publications

Screening Respiratory Samples for Detection of Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) and Enteroviruses: Comprehensive VP4-VP2 Typing Reveals High Incidence and Genetic Diversity of HRV Species C

Screening Respiratory Samples for Detection of Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) and Enteroviruses: Comprehensive VP4-VP2 Typing Reveals High Incidence and Genetic Diversity of HRV Species C

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in reducing the risk of infections in early childhood

The Novel Parainfluenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Inhibitor BCX 2798 Prevents Lethal Synergism between a Paramyxovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

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