Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: Biologic Mechanisms and Who's at Risk?

Pope, C. Arden

doi:10.2307/3454408

Cited by 432 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) and gases such as NOx, SO 2 , O 3 , and CO (Akhter et al, 2004;Begum et al, 2007) that have known severe health implications (Dockery and Pope 1994;Pope, 2000;Schwartz, 2001). Fine particles in the atmosphere have both anthropogenic and natural origins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biomass burning contribution to ambient air particulate levels at Navrongo in the Savannah zone of Ghana

Ofosu

Hopke

Aboh

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) in Navrongo, a town in the Sahel Savannah Zone of Ghana, have been measured and the major sources have been identified. This area is prone to frequent particulate pollution episodes due to Harmattan dust and biomass burning, mostly from annual bushfires. The contribution of combustion emissions, particularly from biomass and fossil fuel, to ambient air particulate loadings was assessed. Sampling was conducted from February 2009 to February 2010 in Navrongo. Two Gent samplers were equipped to collect PM10 in two size fractions, coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5). Coarse particles are collected on a coated, 8-microm-pore Nuclepore filter. Fine particle samples were sampled with 47-mm-diameter Nuclepore and quartz filters. Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations were determined from the quartz filters using thermal optical reflectance (IMPROVE/TOR) methods. Elements were measured on the fine-particle Nuclepore filters using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence. The average PM2.5 mass concentration obtained at Navrongo was 32.3 microg/m. High carbonaceous concentrations were obtained from November to March, the period of Harmattan dust and severe bush fires. Total carbon was found to contribute approximately 40% of the PM2.5 particulate mass. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) suggested six major sources contributing to the PM2.5 mass. They are two stroke engines, gasoline emissions, soil dust, diesel emissions, biomass burning, and resuspended soil dust. Biomass combustion (16.0%) was identified as second most important source next to soil dust at Navrongo.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biomass burning contribution to ambient air particulate levels at Navrongo in the Savannah zone of Ghana

Ofosu

Hopke

Aboh

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Epidemiological studies (e.g., Pope, 2000) and toxicological studies (e.g., Oberdörster, 2000) have associated urban PM pollution with carcinogenic and adverse respiratory and cardio-vascular effects. Recent reviews (EPA, 2009;HEI, 2013;WHO, 2013) concluded that adverse health effects are best linked to an exposure to PM with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Emission Factors of Solid Nanoparticles in the Laboratory and on the Road Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

Giechaskiel

Riccobono

Vlachos

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Emission inventories are used to quantify sources and identify trends in the emissions of air pollutants. They use vehicle-specific emission factors that are typically determined in the laboratory, through remote-sensing, vehicle chasing experiments and, more recently, on-board measurements with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). Although PEMS is widely applied to measure gaseous pollutants, their application to Solid Particle Number (SPN) emissions is new. In this paper, we discuss the current status of determining SPN emission factors both on the chassis dynamometer in the laboratory and on the road using PEMS-SPN. First, we determine through dedicated tests in the laboratory the influence of the measurement equipment, ambient temperature, driving style, and cycle characteristics, and the extra mass of the PEMS equipment on the SPN emissions of vehicles. Afterward, we present the SPN emissions under type-approval conditions as well as on the road of two heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF; one of them Euro VI), two light-duty diesel vehicles equipped with DPF, one light-duty vehicle equipped with a Port Fuel Injection engine (PFI), and seven Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) passenger cars (two of them Euro 6). We find that cold-start and strong accelerations tend to substantially increase SPN emissions. The two heavy-duty vehicles showed on-road emissions around 2 10 13 × p/km (Euro V truck) and 6 × 10 10 p/km (Euro VI truck), respectively. One of the DPF-equipped light-duty vehicles showed emissions of 8 × 10 11 p/km, while the other one had one order of magnitude lower emissions. The PFI car had SPN emissions slightly higher than 1 × 10 12 p/km. The on-road emissions of GDI passenger cars spanned approximately from 8 1 × 10 1 p/km to 8 × 10 12 p/km. For the cars not equipped with a DPF, the on-road SPN emissions remained within a factor of two of the laboratory results. This factor was on average around 0.8 for the Euro 6 and 1.6 for the Euro 5 GDIs. The DPF equipped vehicles showed a difference of almost one order of magnitude between laboratory and on-road tests due to the different DPF fill state and passive regeneration during the tests. The findings of this study can (i) help improving the inventories on SPN emissions and (ii) assist policy makers in designing effective test procedures for measuring the SPN emissions of vehicles under real-world driving conditions.

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“…The majority of studies on the association between fine dust and health have focused on acute exposure via short-term assessments of health changes, including changes in the number of deaths and hospitalizations, and changes in pulmonary function in relation to short-term changes in the concentration of fine dust pollution. More than 40 studies have assessed the association between fine particles and respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function (Pope et al, 2000). Most of these studies focused on asthma and asthma exacerbations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Quality for the Development of Risk Assessment Methods for Central Nervous System Disturbances

Lee¹,

Lee²

2017

GJHS

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The present study aimed to identify the air pollutants associated with central nervous system (CNS) disturbances through a survey of indoor air pollutants and manifestation of CNS diseases, and to establish a risk assessment method and risk management measures for CNS disturbances caused by these pollutants. A patient cohort consisting of patients suffering from CNS diseases was selected and a health risk assessment was performed for fine dust (PM 2.5 ) and 17 heavy metals/ other elements in the indoor air of the residences of survey subjects. The study results showed statistically significant differences in fine dust concentrations according to the region in which the surveys were conducted.

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Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: Biologic Mechanisms and Who's at Risk?

Cited by 432 publications

References 30 publications

Biomass burning contribution to ambient air particulate levels at Navrongo in the Savannah zone of Ghana

Biomass burning contribution to ambient air particulate levels at Navrongo in the Savannah zone of Ghana

Vehicle Emission Factors of Solid Nanoparticles in the Laboratory and on the Road Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

A Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Quality for the Development of Risk Assessment Methods for Central Nervous System Disturbances

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