IntroductionThe concept of emergency medical services (EMS) is new to Sri Lanka. This article describes the development, delivery, and future ideas for EMS in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka also faces frequent natural hazards that justify the establishment of an EMS service.MethodologyData and information regarding emergency medical care in Sri Lanka were collected and reviewed from resources including websites and research papers.ResultsCurrently, there are no qualified emergency medical physicians in Sri Lanka. However, a specialist training program for emergency physicians was initiated in 2012. There is no formal system to train emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Sri Lankans usually use taxies or their private vehicles to get to the hospital in the case of an emergency. All of the hospitals have ambulances that they can use to transport patients between hospitals. Most hospitals have emergency treatment units. Those at larger hospitals tend to be better than those at smaller hospitals. Although there is a disaster management system, it is not focused on emergency medical needs.DiscussionMany aspects of the EMS system in Sri Lanka need improvement. To start, the emergency telephone number should cover the entire country. Training programs for EMTs should be conducted regularly. In addition, ambulances should be allocated for prehospital care. In the process of these developmental changes, public awareness programs are essential to improve the function of the EMS system.ConclusionDespite many current shortcomings, Sri Lanka is capable of developing a successful EMS system.

Rice is a chilling-sensitive plant that is particularly prone to injury during the early stages of seedling development and during flowering. Significant variation exists between subspecies with japonica cultivars generally being less sensitive than most indica cultivars. In most temperate and subtropical countries where rice is grown, crop damage often occurs during the early stages of seedling development due to occasional cold snaps coinciding with the first few weeks after direct seeding in late spring to early summer. Irreversible injuries often result in seedling mortality or if the crop survives a stress episode, plant vigor and resistance to pests and diseases are severely compromised. Recent physiological and molecular studies have shown that oxidative stress is the primary cause of early chilling injuries in rice and the differential responses of indica and japonica cultivars are defined to a large extent by gene expression related to oxidative signaling and defenses. In this chapter, we summarize basic phenotypic, physiological, and molecular procedures that can be adopted for routine evaluation of differential responses between cultivars as well as for functional genomics studies.

In this study, the effects of dissolved-gas concentration in liquid water on the nucleation and growth of bubbles and nanobubble (NB) generation were investigated by measuring the concentration and size distribution of NBs. Three types of liquids with different dissolved-gas concentrations—undersaturated, saturated, and supersaturated deionized (DI) water—were prepared, and NBs were generated via ultrasonic irradiation. As the dissolved-gas concentration increased, a large number of bubbles with relatively large diameters (several tens of micrometers or more) were generated, but the NB concentration decreased. The surface tension decreased with an increase in the dissolved gas concentration, and thus, the tensile strength which required for bubble growth became lower. Therefore, there were barely any NBs in supersaturated conditions because of the accelerated nucleation and bubble growth.

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Background: The problem that is central to trauma research is the prediction of survival rate after trauma. Trauma and Injury Severity Score is being used for predicting survival rate after trauma. Many countries have conducted a study on the classification, characteristics of variables, and the validity of the Trauma and Injury Severity Score model. However, few investigations have been made on the characteristics of coefficients or variables related to Trauma and Injury Severity Score in Korea. Objectives: There is a need for coefficient analysis of Trauma and Injury Severity Score which was created based on the United States database to be optimized for the situation in Korea. Methods: This study examined how the currently used Trauma and Injury Severity Score coefficients were developed and created for trauma patients visiting the emergency department in a hospital in Korea using the analytical method. A total of 34,340 trauma patients who were hospitalized into an emergency center from January 2012 to December 2014 for 3 years were analyzed with trauma registry established on August 2006. Results: Trauma and Injury Severity Score coefficients were transformed with the methods that were used to make the existing Trauma and Injury Severity Score coefficients using the trauma patients' data. Regression coefficients (B) were drawn by building up a logistic regression analysis model that used variables such as Injury Severity Score, Revised Trauma Score, and age depending on survival with Trauma and Injury Severity Score. Conclusion: With regard to Trauma and Injury Severity Score established in the United States differing from Korea in injury types, it seems possible to realize significant survival rate by deriving coefficients with data in Korea and reanalyzing them.