Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated papillomavirus infection complicating human immunodeficiency virus disease

Abstract

Three males infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were noted to have extensive flat warts of the face and/or body. In two there were also pityriasis versicolor-like lesions. Biopsies showed foamy, basophilic, distended cytoplasm in granular layer keratinocytes, characteristic of the human papillomavirus types seen in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. DNA hybridization techniques demonstrated the presence of HPV-type 8 in one patient and HPV 5 and 8 in another. Patients with immune suppression due to HIV infection may demonstrate the clinical features of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with the same potentially oncogenic HPV types.

Epidermodysplasia-Verruciformis-Like Eruption Associated with Gamma-Papillomavirus Infection in a Patient with Adult T-Cell Leukemia

“…Although in most cases clinical and histological features of the warts [17,42,43,46,47,48] and the associated HPV types [17,46,48] in immunosuppressed patients do not differ from those in the general population, rare cases of acquired EV-like eruption have been reported in immunosuppressed patients, including patients with organ transplants [15,16,17,18,19], lepromatous leprosy [49], Hodgkin lymphoma [20], systemic lupus erythematosus [21,22], human immunodeficiency virus infection [19,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,50,51], severe combined immune deficiency caused by γc or JAK3 deficiency after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation [35], and in the setting of graft-versus-host disease [36]. Treatment with biological agents may also increase the risk for HPV infections including acquired EV [52].…”

“…Therefore, β-papillomaviruses may be commensals of the human skin and harmless for the general population, although their roles in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, have been suggested [12,13,14]. In addition, acquired EV-like eruption associated with β-papillomavirus infection has occasionally been described in immunosuppressed patients [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. …”

Cutaneous Symptoms and Rashes in Patients with HIV-Positive Infections (A Review Article)

“…Several studies also show folliculitis, abscesses, impetigo due to bacterial biological organisms that are caused by B-cells dysfunction 14,15 . Fungal infections are very common in HIV infections.…”

Genetics of Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

“…There is an indication of EV-like disease being a result of exogenous immunodeficiency in HIV infection and in the patients with immunodeficiency states(e.g. following renal transplantation, in systemic lupus erythematosus or Hodgkin's disease ) [21][22][23][24].This form has been named "acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis" [25].…”