Epinephrine, Cortisol, Endotoxin, Nutrition, and the Neutrophil

Abstract

Normal volunteers have provided insight into the stress response to infection that is understood only partially.

Soluble ST2 as a possible biomarker for inflammation in patients with acute heart failure

“…NLR is a better predictor of mortality than independent absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in patients with ADHF 28 . NLR can be used to demonstrate the balance between inflammation and immunity, showing the pathogenic role of inflammation and impaired immune function in the development of heart failure 29,30 . CRP is a product of the inflammatory response and is involved in the regulation of phagocytic ligands by activating the classical complement pathway.…”

“…28 NLR can be used to demonstrate the balance between inflammation and immunity, showing the pathogenic role of inflammation and impaired immune function in the development of heart failure. 29,30 CRP is a product of the inflammatory response and is involved in the regulation of phagocytic ligands by activating the classical complement pathway. Previous studies have determined that CRP is elevated in heart failure, with higher levels associated with more severe heart failure characteristics and independently associated with mortality and morbidity.…”

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predict length of hospital stay in myocarditis

“…However, besides in the context of a response to infectious stimuli, peripheral neutrophil count is also affected by endogenous cortisol levels and the concentration of circulating catecholamines. As such, epinephrine and cortisol not only enlarge the pool of circulating neutrophils in blood, but also seem to extend the half-life of these cells, which results in neutrophilia 21 – 23 . Elevated levels of endogenous cortisol can furthermore result in lymphopenia, which can in part be explained by a redistribution of cells to lymphatic tissues 24 – 26 .…”

Enantioselective discrimination of l-/d-phenylalanine by bovine serum albumin and gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode

“…12 Great efforts have been made to recognize amino acids, [13][14][15][16] but designing an efficient method to recognize them is still a challenging task. 19 Some other discrimination techniques for Phe have been reported, such as chromatography, 20-22 capillary electrochromatography, 23,24 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 25 and electrochemical detection. Moreover, it is also the midbody of amino-acid-type anticancer drugs, such as styrene acrylic ammonia benzyl and formic acid soluble sarcoma.…”

“…18 On the other hand, it is also a raw material for the production of epinephrine, thyroxine and melanin. 19 Some other discrimination techniques for Phe have been reported, such as chromatography, [20][21][22] capillary electrochromatography, 23,24 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 25 and electrochemical detection. 26 Fu's group used c-globulin, Lcysteine, hemoglobin and N-isobutyryl-L-(D)-cysteine [27][28][29][30] to recognize mandelic acid, arginine and dopa enantiomers.…”