SUMMARY Potential games form a class of non-cooperative games where the convergent of unilateral improvement dynamics is guaranteed in many practical cases. The potential game approach has been applied to a wide range of wireless network problems, particularly to a variety of channel assignment problems. In this paper, the properties of potential games are introduced, and games in wireless networks that have been proven to be potential games are comprehensively discussed. key words: potential game, game theory, radio resource management, channel assignment, transmission power control
IntroductionThe broadcast nature of wireless transmissions causes cochannel interference and channel contention, which can be viewed as interactions among transceivers. Interactions among multiple decision makers can be formulated and analyzed using a branch of applied mathematics called game theory [61], [131]. Game-theoretic approaches have been applied to a wide range of wireless communication technologies, including transmission power control for code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular systems [153] and cognitive radios [132]. For a summary of game-theoretic approaches to wireless networks, we refer the interested reader to [68] [189].In this paper, we focus on potential games [126], which form a class of strategic form games with the following desirable properties:• The existence of a Nash equilibrium in potential games is guaranteed in many practical situations [126] (Theorems 1 and 2 in this paper), but is not guaranteed for general strategic form games. Example 2 in Sect. 2. We provide an overview of problems in wireless networks that can be formulated in terms of potential games. We also clarify the relations among games, and provide simpler proofs of some known results. Problem-specific learning algorithms [92], [168] are beyond the scope of this paper.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2, 3, and 4, we introduce strategic form games, potential games, and learning algorithms, respectively. We then discuss various potential games in Sects. 5 to 18, as shown in Table 1. Finally, we provide a few concluding remarks in Sect. 19.The notation used here is shown in Table 2. Unless the context indicates otherwise, sets of strategies are denoted by calligraphic uppercase letters, e.g., A i , strategies are denoted by lowercase letters, e.g., a i ∈ A i , and tuples of strategies are denoted by boldface lowercase letters, e.g., a. Note that a i is a scalar variable when A i is a set of scalars or indices, a i is a vector variable when A i is a set of vectors, and a i is a set variable when A i is a collection of sets.We use R to denote the set of real numbers, R + to denote the set of nonnegative real numbers, R ++ to denote the set of positive real numbers, and C to denote the set of complex numbers. The cardinality of set A is denoted by |A|. The power set of A is denoted by 2 A . Finally, ½condition is the indicator function, which is one when condition is true and is zero otherwise.We treat many sy...