Esca

X-ray photoelectron/Auger electron spectroscopic studies of tin and indium metal foils and oxides

“…The BE's and ABE's are tabulated in Table II. These BE's for In in ln203 were in good agreement with those previously reported (18,25). Since the value of the BE for oxygen is the same in both ln203 and Sn02, the ABE's, particularly those for the difference between O(ls) and In or Sn(3d5/2), are good indicators for qualitatively examining and comparing In and Sn in various oxides.…”

“…Data are summarized in Table II. This O(ls) spectrum is similar to those reported for other metal oxides (2,4,12,18,22). Also tabulated in Table II are the values of the differences between the BE's of O(ls) and Sn(3d5/2), and the x-ray induced, Sn(M4N4i6N4,5) Auger at 820.6 eV and the Sn(3d5/2).…”

“…of metals and metal oxides is now well recognized and documented (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). In a recent paper (19), we reported the results of our initial efforts at applying ESCA/Auger methods to the evaluation of the elemental composition and the valence of electrode surfaces, namely to those of antimony doped tin oxide and tin doped indium oxide on transparent substrates.…”

“…Of particular concern was the quantitation of intermediate oxidation states which could be present between the fully oxidized and reduced states (19). However, a prerequisite to a detailed quantitative analysis of these electrodes was the need for ESCA/Auger information on tin, tin oxide, indium, and indium oxide standards whose composition and valences were known. Although several Auger kinetic energies and ESCA binding energies have appeared in the literature (18,(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) for Sn and In metal and oxides, there has been no attempt for a quantitative examination which included evaluation of the composition in terms of stoichiometry (e.g., oxygen to metal atomic ratios). The analytical determination of the absolute quantities of surface composition is complicated by factors which are quite difficult to evaluate.…”

“…These factors included for AES, the ionization cross sections, electron escape depths, roughness factors, matrix effects, various electron and ion beam induced artifacts, and other instrumental variables (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). For ESCA, similar factors must be considered (17,18). In view of these complicating factors, it is important to accurately determine the binding energy (BE) and to evaluate methods of quantitation of surface concentration when two or more oxidation states of the same element are present.…”