Esterification and hydrolysis of cellulose using oxalic acid dihydrate in a solvent-free reaction suitable for preparation of surface-functionalised cellulose nanocrystals with high yield

Li, Dongfang; Henschen, Jonatan; Ek, Monica

doi:10.1039/c7gc02489d

Cited by 94 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The advantages of using dicarboxylic acid for the preparation of NCs are that (1) carboxyl groups are introduced on the surface of CNCs and CNFs, as ester group could have been formed by the reaction of dicarboxylic acids with cellulose [92]; (2) solid dicarboxylic acid (e.g., oxalate and maleic acid) is of low corrosion to equipment and could be fully recovered by using crystallization technology; (3) the resultant CNCs and CNFs are thermally stable which is beneficial for the manufacture of composite. Li and coworkers used molten oxalate dihydrate to treat cellulose fibrils which is a free solvent for the preparation of CNCs [93]. In this process, the hydrolysis and esterification of cellulose could be carried out in one pot.…”

Section: Organic Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Strategies in Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibrils Derived from Raw Cellulose Materials

Xie

Yang

2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

219

128

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The recent strategies in preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were described. CNCs and CNFs are two types of nanocelluloses (NCs), and they possess various superior properties, such as large specific surface area, high tensile strength and stiffness, low density, and low thermal expansion coefficient. Due to various applications in biomedical engineering, food, sensor, packaging, and so on, there are many studies conducted on CNCs and CNFs. In this review, various methods of preparation of CNCs and CNFs are summarized, including mechanical, chemical, and biological methods. The methods of pretreatment of cellulose are described in view of the benefits to fibrillation.

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Section: Organic Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Strategies in Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibrils Derived from Raw Cellulose Materials

Xie

Yang

2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

219

128

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“…Cellulose can be chemically functionalized by esterification of the hydroxy (OH) groups, which is the method we have used here to chemically graft the cobalt(II) coordination complex onto its surface ( Scheme ). We synthesized two ligands L COOH (4‐([2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine]‐4′‐yl)benzoic acid) and L COOMe (methyl 4‐([2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine]‐4′‐yl)benzoate) according to literature methods .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ligand L COOH has been refluxed with excess thionyl chloride to obtain the acyl chloride analog, L COCl (4‐([2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine]‐4ʹ‐yl)benzoyl chloride), which improves the reactivity for esterification with the cellulose surface (Scheme ) . The microcrystalline cellulose powder is suspended in dry DCM (CH 2 Cl 2 ) and treated with an excess amount of triethylamine to activate the cellulose surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Cellulose‐Co(II)‐Bis‐Terpyridine Hybrid Material as Colorimetric Sensor for Micromolar Aqueous Cyanide

Collins

Regalado‐Love

Portillo

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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A novel surface modification approach is taken to cyanide‐sensing by using functionalized cellulose surface that is chemically modified by immobilizing cobalt(II)‐bis‐terpyridine complex on it. The cobalt(II)‐bis‐tpy complex can exhibit selective “naked eye” colorimetric detection of micromolar level cyanide in aqueous solution, where the visible red‐orange color of cobalt(II)‐bis‐tpy complex solution (aqueous) disappears in the presence of cyanide ions. In order to make the sensor more proficient and easy to use, these cobalt(II)‐bis‐tpy molecules are chemically grafted on the surface of microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose paper, which turns the color of functionalized cellulose orange‐red. Both of these colored cellulose powder and paper exhibit color loss in 10−6m aqueous solution of potassium cyanide. This functionalized hybrid inorganic–organic paper offers an easy “dip and detect” cyanide sensing.

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“…This was done solvent free by reacting cellulose with molten oxalic acid dihydrate. The oxalate was sonicated in liquid suspension to obtain carboxyl functionalized nanocellulose …”

Section: Functionalizing Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Cellulose for Water Purification, Antimicrobial Applications, and Sensors

Bethke

Palantöken

Andrei

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

217

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As the most abundant natural polymer, cellulose presents a unique advantage for large-scale applications. To fully unlock its potential, the introduction of desired functional groups onto the cellulose backbone is required, which can be realized by either chemical bonding or physical surface interactions. This review gives an overview of the chemistry behind the state-of-the-art functionalization methods (e.g., oxidation, esterification, grafting) for cellulose in its various forms, from nanocrystals to bacterial cellulose. The existing and foreseeable applications of the obtained products are presented in detail, spanning from water purification and antibacterial action, to sensing, energy harvesting, and catalysis. A special emphasis is put on the interactions of functionalized cellulose with heavy metals, focusing on copper as a prime example. For the latter, its toxicity can either have a harmful influence on aquatic life, or it can be conveniently employed for microbial disinfection. The reader is further introduced to recent sensing technologies based on functionalized cellulose, which are becoming crucial for the near future especially with the emergence of the internet of things. By revealing the potential of water filters and conductive clothing for mass implementation, the near future of cellulose-based technologies is also discussed.not suitable for drinking water treatment in rural areas or not applicable on a large scale. Other methods involving materials which have high adsorption capacities for pollutants, for example activated charcoal have been explored. [27,28] Nevertheless, there are no universal adsorbents for all pollutants, meaning that superior alternatives are still required. In recent years, biodegradable adsorbents such as cellulose and chitosan have attracted much attention for the removal of heavy metals.In particular cellulose has a number of advantages, which include high abundance, low cost, easy access, nontoxicity and biodegradability. It is particularly suited for the removal of low concentrations of heavy metals which occur in contaminated ground or tap water. [26] Beyond the aspects of copper removal from water, in this review we indicate how the metal's increased toxicity for microbial life can present an advantage for medical applications. Moreover, we also take a closer look at further applications of functionalized cellulose, including catalysis and sensing, which can make a great impact regarding energy conversion and management. The inclusion of conductive cellulose sensors within the internet of things global network is of particular interest, since an accurate weather forecast can provide swift adjustments in the usage of the often intermittent renewable energy sources. In order to understand what confers functionalized cellulose its versatility for broad applications, we first exemplify the functionalization techniques on a molecular basis.

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Esterification and hydrolysis of cellulose using oxalic acid dihydrate in a solvent-free reaction suitable for preparation of surface-functionalised cellulose nanocrystals with high yield

Abstract: A quick and simple process to prepare surface-functionalised cellulose nanocrystals.

Cited by 94 publications

References 17 publications

Recent Strategies in Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibrils Derived from Raw Cellulose Materials

Recent Strategies in Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibrils Derived from Raw Cellulose Materials

Functionalized Cellulose‐Co(II)‐Bis‐Terpyridine Hybrid Material as Colorimetric Sensor for Micromolar Aqueous Cyanide

Functionalized Cellulose for Water Purification, Antimicrobial Applications, and Sensors

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