Esterification Processes and Equipment

Keyes, D. B.

doi:10.1021/ie50274a003

Cited by 83 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Crabbe et al 18 has also verifi ed the same kind of trend. However, that large quantity of acid catalyst can promote ether formation by alcohol dehydration 19 . Sridharan and Mathai 20 noticed that the transesterifi cation of small esters was retarded by the presence of spectator polar compounds.…”

Section: Effect Of Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Super phosphoric acid catalyzed esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for biodiesel production: physicochemical parameters and kinetics

Metre¹,

Nath²

2015

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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In the present study the esterifi cation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by-product from palm oil industry, in the presence of super phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst was studied. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, PFAD to methanol molar ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of biodiesel were investigated. The percent conversion of FFA and properties of the biodiesel were determined following standard methodologies. Percent conversion of biodiesel was found to increase with the increase in PFAD to methanol molar ratio and at 1:12 molar ratio and 70 o C temperature 95% conversion was achieved. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated in terms of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy at different molar ratio and temperatures. Both pseudo fi rst and second order irreversible kinetics were applied to a wide range of experimental data. However, according to regression coeffi cient (R 2 ) the second order described better experimental behavior of kinetic data.

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Section: Effect Of Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Super phosphoric acid catalyzed esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for biodiesel production: physicochemical parameters and kinetics

Metre¹,

Nath²

2015

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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“…Therefore, a new equilibrium model is necessary to figure out the real state of this two-phase system. Keyes [3] conducted research on simultaneous processes of reaction and distillation. The combined processes provide an advantage in saving energy consumption and investment cost-down, since these two steps are processed simultaneously in a single unit.…”

Section: The Vapor-liquid-phase Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are four major commercial processes for EAc production [1]: (1) Tishchenko process: EAc is synthesized from acetaldehydes by the condensation of an oxidation-reduction process, which is catalyzed by aluminum alkoxide [2]. (2) Direct esterification: ethanol and acetic acid are esterified by the catalysis of acids (or solid acids) [3]. (3) Liquid-phase oxidation of n-butane, EAc is produced as the by-products while Co/Mn salts are used as the catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient two-phase reaction of ethyl acetate production in modified ZSM-5 zeolites

Chen

2004

Applied Catalysis A: General

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“…Reactive Distillation [526][527][528]. In reactive distillation (→ Reactive Distillation) fractional distillation and chemical reaction are performed simultaneously, e.g., for a reaction of the type A + B −→ C + D in which at least one of the products has a volatility which is different form those of the other compounds.…”

Section: Unsteady-state Reactor Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%