Estimation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Raw Milk Marketed in Zagazig City, Egypt

Abstract

Milk is nearly a perfect natural food and is widely used by all segments of our population especially for infants and the elderly. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in many African countries as in Egypt for the control of pests. OCPs are characterized by their bioaccumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. The objectives of this study were initially to estimate the residual concentrations of different OCPs in three kinds of fresh and raw milk from different animals (cattle, buffalo, and goat) marketed in Egypt. Additionally, human dietary intake and risk assessment of OCPs were calculated. The tested OCPs included pp-DDT and its metabolites pp-DDD and pp-DDE; hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) including α HCH and γ HCH; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; aldrin and endrin; chlordane, methoxychlor, and hexachloride benzene. The recorded results revealed that goat and buffalo milk samples had the highest incidence of OCPs' contamination (75% for each), while this percentage was 50% in cow's milk. The mean values of ΣOCPs were 317.83 ± 34.11, 605 ± 50.54, and 1210.57 ± 99.55 (ppb/ww) in the examined cattle, buffalo, and goat milk samples, respectively. All examined OCPs were within the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by World Health Organization with only 10% of goat milk samples exceeding this MRL. The estimated daily intake, noncancer, and cancer health risk assessment of the tested OCPs revealed the potential cancer risk especially among children consuming goat's milk. The public health importance of such OCPs was discussed.

Levels of persistent organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from three cage aquaculture farms on the Volta Basin of Ghana: Implications for human health

“…The exposure thresholds, according to USEPA (2012) used for health hazard calculations through the ingestion of fish for children and adults, are shown in Table 1. The oral reference dose (Rfd) (µg/kg/day) of the pesticides were: (delta-HCH =0.3; o,p'-DDE = 0.5; p,p'-DDE = 0.5; o,p'-DDD = 0.5; p,p'-DDT = 0.5; Heptachlor = 0.5; Endrin = 0.3; methoxychlor = 5.0; PCB = 0.02;endosulfan = 0.05 (Afful, 2015;Raslan et al 2018;Omar & Mahmoud, 2017). The oral reference dose values for the individual indicator PCB congeners were not available in literature.…”

“…Where CSF is the cancer slope factor of the individual pollutant and TCR is the target cancer risk. The CSF for carcinogens; -HCH = 1.80mg/kg/day, p,p'-DDE = 0.34 mg/kg/day, p,p'-DDT = 0.34 mg/kg/day, heptachlor = 4.5 mg/kg/day, endrin = 17.00mg/kg/day, and PCBs = 2.00mg/kg/day were obtained from US EPA(2014), Raslan et al (2018) and Omar & Mahmoud (2017).The carcinogenic effect regulation was derived by setting the risk from 1.0 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −4 due to lifetime exposure (USEPA 2012).…”

Testimony for veterinary apitherapy

“…Due to EEP immunomodulation potency by different mechanisms of micro-components (mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids), its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory 5 properties resulted in such different amelioration effects and chrysin 83 which inhibits induced kidney fibrosis. 84 Moreover, lactating animals excrete MXC in milk 85 with potential human health hazard. Subsequently, animals contract MXC toxicity result several toxicological implications as ovarian toxicity, 77 where it causes impairment of ovarian follicular development and other ovarian function 77,86 leading to reproductive tract malformations in the male offspring.…”

Oxidative Stress Indices of Organophosphates Pesticides Among Agricultural Workers at Mit-Ghamr District, Egypt

“…gypt as one of the most populous countries in Africa depends mainly on agricultural activities as major sources of national income of Egypt, contributing up to 14.5 % of Growth Domestic Production (GDP). Therefore, pesticides are frequently used in Egypt to control and prevent pests [1]. Pesticides are defined by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as any chemical substance or organism or device used to attack, inhibit, control and/or get rid of pests, plants (weeds), animals, and insects that cause harm to crops [2] Pesticide use in crop production worldwide was increased nearly twenty fold from 1960 to 2000 and further increased from 1.0 billion tons in 2002 to 1.7 billion in 2007.…”