Estimation of seismic moment and slip distribution of the April 1, 1946, Aleutian tsunami earthquake

Johnson, Jodi; Satake, Kenji

doi:10.1029/97jb00274

Cited by 120 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In order to compute the trans-Pacific tsunami more accurately, we solve the linear Boussinesq equation in the spherical coordinate system (longitude ϕ and colatitude θ ). The governing equations are Johnson and Satake (1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large depression wave following the initial pulse was used in their analysis but it was not explained by the computed wave ( Fig. 9 in Johnson and Satake, 1997). To understand the mechanism of the unusually large tsunami generated by the 1946 Aleutian earthquake, we need to explain the large depression pulse and the following second pulse recorded on the tide gauge at Honolulu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This difference can be related to the difference in the source process of those earthquakes. Johnson and Satake (1997) did not use the large second pulse recorded at Honolulu to determine the fault model of the 1946 Aleutian earthquake because their tsunami computation scheme was inadequate for the later phase. The large depression wave following the initial pulse was used in their analysis but it was not explained by the computed wave ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tsunami also propagated across the Pacific and struck the Hawaiian Islands, where the run-up exceeded 16 m. The tsunami was observed at tide gauges around the Pacific as far as South America and the South Pacific Islands. Johnson and Satake (1997) used the tsunami waveform data recorded at tide gauges to determine the source parameters of the 1946 Aleutian earthquake. The estimated seismic moment of the earthquake was 23 × 10 20 Nm, or Mw = 8.2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detailed analysis of tsunami waveforms generated by the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake

Tanioka

Seno

2001

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The 1946 Aleutian earthquake was a typical tsunami earthquake which generated abnormally larger tsunami than expected from its seismic waves. Previously, Johnson and Satake (1997) estimated the fault model of this earthquake using the tsunami waveforms observed at tide gauges. However, they did not model the second pulse of the tsunami at Honolulu although that was much larger than the first pulse. In this paper, we numerically computed the tsunami waveforms using the linear Boussinesq equation to determine the fault model which explains the observed tsunami waveforms including the large second pulse observed at Honolulu. The estimated fault width is 40-60 km which is much narrower than the fault widths of the typical great underthrust earthquakes, the 1957 Aleutian and the 1964 Alasuka earthquakes. A previous study of the 1896 Sanriku earthquake, another typical tsunami earthquake, suggested that the additional uplift of the sediments near the Japan Trench had a large effect on the tsunami generation. In this study, we also show that the additional uplift of the sediments near the trench, due to a large coseismic horizontal movement of the backstop, had a significant effect on the tsunami generation of the 1946 Aleutian earthquake. The estimated seismic moment of the 1946 Aleutian earthquake is

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Detailed analysis of tsunami waveforms generated by the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake

Tanioka

Seno

2001

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Other tsunamis that may involve SMFs such as Unimak, Alaska, 1946, andSanriku, 1896, were considered primarily in the context of their earthquake source (e.g. Abe, 1979;Johnson and Satake, 1997). It is only recently that a SMF was shown to be a likely cause of the 1946 Alaska event, almost certainly locally and possibly in the far-field as well López and Okal, 2006;Waythomas et al, 2008 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Papua New Guinea tsunami of 17 July 1998: anatomy of a catastrophic event

Tappin

Watts²,

Grilli

2008

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

247

150

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Abstract. The Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami of July 1998 was a seminal event because it demonstrated that relatively small and relatively deepwater Submarine Mass Failures (SMFs) can cause devastating local tsunamis that strike without warning. There is a comprehensive data set that proves this event was caused by a submarine slump. Yet, the source of the tsunami has remained controversial. This controversy is attributed to several causes. Before the PNG event, it was questionable as to whether SMFs could cause devastating tsunamis. As a result, only limited modelling of SMFs as tsunami sources had been undertaken, and these excluded slumps. The results of these models were that SMFs in general were not considered to be a potential source of catastrophic tsunamis. To effectively model a SMF requires fairly detailed geological data, and these too had been lacking. In addition, qualitative data, such as evidence from survivors, tended to be disregarded in assessing alternative tsunami sources. The use of marine geological data to identify areas of recent submarine failure was not widely applied.The disastrous loss of life caused by the PNG tsunami resulted in a major investigation into the area offshore of the devastated coastline, with five marine expeditions taking place. This was the first time that a focussed, large-scale, international programme of marine surveying had taken place so soon after a major tsunami. It was also the first time that such a comprehensive data set became the basis for tsunami simulations. The use of marine mapping subsequently led to a larger involvement of marine geologists in the study of tsunamis, expanding the knowledge base of those studying the threat from SMF hazards. This paper provides an overview of the PNG tsunami and its impact on tsunami science. It presents revised interpretations of the slump arCorrespondence to: D. R. Tappin (drta@bgs.ac.uk) chitecture based on new seabed relief images and, using these, the most comprehensive tsunami simulation of the PNG event to date. Simulation results explain the measured runups to a high degree. The PNG tsunami has made a major impact on tsunami science. It is one of the most studied SMF tsunamis, yet it remains the only one known of its type: a slump.

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A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

Needham

Keim

Sathiaraj

2015

Reviews of Geophysics

251

115

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Tropical cyclone-generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and destructive natural hazards. This paper provides the first comprehensive global review of tropical storm surge data sources, observations, and impacts while archiving data in SURGEDAT, a global database. Available literature has provided data for more than 700 surge events since 1880, the majority of which are found in the western North Atlantic (WNA), followed by Australia/Oceania, the western North Pacific (WNP), and the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The Bay of Bengal (BOB) in the NIO consistently observes the world's highest surges, as this subbasin averages five surges ≥5 m per decade and has observed credible storm tide levels reaching 13.7 m. The WNP observes the highest rate of low-magnitude surges, as the coast of China averages 54 surges ≥1 m per decade, and rates are likely higher in the Philippines. The U.S. Gulf Coast observes the second highest frequency of both high-magnitude (≥5 m) and low-magnitude (≥1 m) surges. The BOB observes the most catastrophic surge impacts, as 59% of global tropical cyclones that have killed at least 5000 people occurred in this basin. The six deadliest cyclones in this region have each killed at least 140,000 people, and two events have killed 300,000. Storm surge impacts transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors in the WNA. Oceania experiences long-term impacts, including contamination of fresh water and loss of food supplies, although the highest surges in this region are lower than most other basins.

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Estimation of seismic moment and slip distribution of the April 1, 1946, Aleutian tsunami earthquake

Cited by 120 publications

References 32 publications

Detailed analysis of tsunami waveforms generated by the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake

Detailed analysis of tsunami waveforms generated by the 1946 Aleutian tsunami earthquake

The Papua New Guinea tsunami of 17 July 1998: anatomy of a catastrophic event

A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

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