Estimation of sulfur deposition in South Korea

Park, Soon-Ung; In, Hee-Jin; Kim, Si‐Wan; Lee, Younghee

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00100-x

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The spatial distribution patterns of annual mean total sulfur deposition estimated by Park et al (2000) and that of nitrogen deposition by Park and Lee (2002) averaged for the years 1994 to 1997 are shown in Figure 9. High sulfur deposition occurs in the southeastern and the central western parts of Korea while low deposition of sulfur occurs in the central eastern part of Korea (Figure 9a), whereas high nitrogen deposition occurs in the central western and the southeastern parts of Korea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wet and dry depositions of sulfur are estimated using routinely available meteorological data and the air monitoring data (Park et al, 2000). The method for the estimation of wet deposition of sulfur takes into account different mechanisms of precipitation formation that determines sulfate concentration in precipitation water.…”

Section: Calculation Of Critical Loads For Sulfur and Nitrogen In Soumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Critical Loads of. Sulfur and Nitrogen for the Korean Ecosystem

Park¹,

Shim²

2002

Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour

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The critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen and their exceedances by the sulfur and nitrogen deposition of 1994-1998 were mapped for South Korea for the first time with a spatial resolution of 11 km14 km (0.12 5 Long.0.125Lat.) using the steady-state mass balance model. The Korean soil and geological maps with the map scale of 1: 250,000 and the Korean forestry statistical yearbooks were used as basis for the estimations of weathering rate of base cations, critical alkalinity leaching, denitrification fraction and uptakes of base cation and nitrogen. Wet depositions of sulfur, nitrogen and non-sea-salt base cations were derived from measured concentrations in precipitation and precipitation rates using optimum regression equations while dry depositions of sulfur and base cations were estimated using the inferential method. However, dry deposition of nitrogen due to NO, NO2, NH3 and NHI species was estimated using the MM5 numerical model, a modified Regional Acid deposition Model (RADM) and the K-mean clustering technique using three consecutive days of gridded daily mean 850 hPa geopotential height fields without precipitation on the last day over South Korea for 5 years. The predominant ranges of base cation deposition, weathering and uptake were estimated to be 300500 eq ha-1 yr-1, 200500 eq ha-1 yr-1 and 200400 eq ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Critical alkalinity leaching was mainly in the range of 1,0002,000 eq ha-1 yr-1 . Consequently, a large percentage of the maximum critical load of sulfur was found to be in the range of 1,0002,000 eq ha-1 yr-1. The estimated predominant ranges of nitrogen immobilization and uptake were 120180 eq ha-1 yr-1 and 300400 eq ha-1 yr-1, respectively, indicating low values of the minimum critical load of nitrogen. The maximum critical load of nitrogen was found to be relatively high (predominantly 2,0004,000 eq ha-1 yr-1) while the critical load of nutrient nitrogen was low (predominantly 400800 eq ha-1 yr-1). Exceedance of the maximum critical load of sulfur was found at 85% of the Korean ecosystems considered mainly in the southeastern part of Korea, whereas that of the critical load of nutrient nitrogen was found in the whole Korean ecosystems. This implies that Korean ecosystems are very susceptible to the combined loadings of sulfur and nitrogen.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calculation Of Critical Loads For Sulfur and Nitrogen In Soumentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Critical Loads of. Sulfur and Nitrogen for the Korean Ecosystem

Park¹,

Shim²

2002

Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour

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“…In summary, the sources of PAHs in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigation area include the combustion of coal and petroleum, automotive exhausts, the incomplete combustion of crude oil, and the open burning of crop straw. Particle and aerosol PAH input to the soil surface by wet/dry deposition (Park et al 2000) and eolian transportation. It then migrates downward into deeper layers, and even into the groundwater, at different rates depending on soil type and edatope.…”

Section: Possible Sources Of Soil Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soils are an important reservoir for PAHs (Ockenden et al 2003). Both gaseous and particulate PAHs input to soil by wet/dry atmospheric deposition at over short and long distances (Tremolada et al 1996;Park et al 2000); there they accumulate mainly in the humus layer. The dissipation of PAHs is mostly attributed to biodegradation, while other pathways like volatilization, irreversible sorption, leaching and uptake by plants coexist in soil edatope (Reilley et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area in northeast China under different land use patterns

Xiao

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in groundwater and soil profiles from upland field and paddy field in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area of northeast China. In the study area, the peak concentrations of total PAHs were within or just below the topsoil, and the contents decline with depth at various trend verified by the Spearman's rank correlation test. The total PAH concentrations in upland soil layers ranged from 46.8 to 2,373.0 microg/kg (dry wt.), while the concentrations in paddy soil layers ranged from 23.1 to 1,179.1 microg/kg (dry wt.). The 16 priority PAHs were all detected in the analyzed soil samples, and naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), chrysene (Chr), and benzo[a]pyrene (Bap) were selected for further study in terms of their vertical distributions. The concentrations of both total and individual PAHs in upland soil were generally higher than those in the corresponding layers of paddy soil. The concentrations of total and individual PAH were notably different between the corresponding horizons in upland and paddy soil were probably attribute to the different sources and properties of the PAHs and soil; different methods of soil tillage and plant growing. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, LMW/HMW, and parent PAH ratios (Ant/178, Fla/202, BaA/228, and Ilp/276) were used to identify the source of soil PAHs. The data suggests that the possible sources of PAHs in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigation area are the incomplete combustion of coal, petroleum and crude oil, automobile exhausts. These sources lead to pollution of the soil and groundwater by wet/dry deposition and vertical downward migration.

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“…To assess these impacts, a great deal of effort has been devoted to determining the emissions magnitudes of acid deposition precursors and the distributions of these substances in East Asia through the use of field monitoring and numerical modeling. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Although emissions patterns are essential in evaluating existing and potential acid deposition problems, acid rain pollution has not shown significant improvement despite the control measures implemented in recent years. Because acid deposition is basically a secondary pollutant and its precursors can travel long distances before being deposited, an identification of the transformation and transport processes is critical to understanding this phenomenon, particularly in delineating its extent and magnitude in Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated Seasonal Variations in Wet Acid Depositions over East Asia

Zhang

Zhu³

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The air quality modeling system Regional Atmospheric Modeling System-Community Multi-scale Air Quality (RAMS-CMAQ) was applied to analyze temporospatial variations in wet acid deposition over East Asia in 2005, and model results obtained on a monthly basis were evaluated against extensive observations, including precipitation amounts at 704 stations and SO 4 2À , NO 3 À , and NH 4 þ concentrations in the atmosphere and rainwater at 18 EANET (the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia) stations. The comparison shows that the modeling system can reasonably reproduce seasonal precipitation patterns, especially the extensive area of dry conditions in northeast China and north China and the major precipitation zones. For ambient concentrations and wet depositions, the simulated results are in reasonable agreement (within a factor of 2) with observations in most cases, and the major observed features are mostly well reproduced. The analysis of modeled wet deposition distributions indicates that East Asia experiences noticeable variations in its wet deposition patterns throughout the year. In winter, southern China and the coastal areas of the Japan Sea report higher SO 4 2À and NO 3 À wet depositions. In spring, elevated SO 4 2À and NO 3 À wet depositions are found in northeastern China, southern China, and around the Yangtze River. In summer, a remarkable rise in precipitation in northeastern China, the valleys of the Huaihe and Yangtze rivers, Korea, and Japan leads to a noticeable increase in SO 4 2À and NO 3 À wet depositions, whereas in autumn, higher SO 4 2À and NO 3 À wet depositions are found around Sichuan Province. Meanwhile, due to the high emission of SO 2 , high wet depositions of SO 4 2À are found throughout the entire year in the area surrounding Sichuan Province. There is a tendency toward decreasing NO 3 À concentrations in rainwater from China through Korea to Japan in both observed and simulated results, which is a consequence of the influence of the continental outflow from Eurasia. The same tendency is not found for SO 4 2À .

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Estimation of sulfur deposition in South Korea

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Estimation of Critical Loads of. Sulfur and Nitrogen for the Korean Ecosystem

Estimation of Critical Loads of. Sulfur and Nitrogen for the Korean Ecosystem

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area in northeast China under different land use patterns

Simulated Seasonal Variations in Wet Acid Depositions over East Asia

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