Estimation of the Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area by Simple Oral Examination

Abstract

The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a useful index for clinical and epidemiological assessments, since it can represent the inflammation status of patients in one contentious variable. However, calculation of the PISA is difficult, requiring six point probing depth measurements with or without bleeding on probing on 28 teeth, followed by data input in a calculation program. More simple methods are essential for screening periodontal disease or in epidemiological studies. In this study, we tried to establish a convenient partial examination method to estimate PISA. Cross-sectional data of 254 subjects who completed active periodontal therapy were analyzed. Teeth that represent the PISA value were selected by an item response theory approach. The maxillary second molar, first premolar, and lateral incisor and the mandibular second molar and lateral incisor were selected. The sum of the PISAs of these teeth was significantly correlated with the patient’s PISA (R2 = 0.938). More simply, the sum of the maximum values of probing pocket depth with bleeding for these teeth were also significantly correlated with the patient’s PISA (R2 = 0.6457). The simple model presented in this study may be useful to estimate PISA.

Periodontal Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: Which Correlation with Preterm and Low-Weight Birth?

“…Periodontal disease, initiated by bacterial biofilms, can cause the destruction of soft and hard periodontal tissues, consequently leading to tooth loss [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Periodontal disease produces inflammatory mediators and microbial products that can enter the systemic circulation through the mouth and reach distant organs [ 8 , 9 ]. Indeed, several studies have shown a link between periodontal disease and some frequent systemic pathologies [ 10 ] such as diabetes [ 11 ], cardiovascular disease [ 12 , 13 ], respiratory disease [ 14 ], obesity [ 15 ], cancer [ 16 , 17 ], and preterm birth (PTB) [ 7 ].…”

Comparative transcriptome analysis of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis in human subjects

“…The severity of inflamed tissues was estimated using standard clinical parameters for periodontal disease, including blood on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), PD, and plaque index. 27 Both diseases exhibited significant inflammation compared with healthy tissues; however, no substantial differences were observed between periodontitis and periimplantitis (Table 1). Although some immune cells demonstrated marked elevations in value, most immune cell subtypes exhibited similar abundance patterns between cases, (see Figure S1 in online Journal of Periodontology).…”

“…This genetic heterogeneity may be attributed to biological factors such as local inflammatory differences or distinct immunological profiles. The severity of inflamed tissues was estimated using standard clinical parameters for periodontal disease, including blood on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), PD, and plaque index 27 . Both diseases exhibited significant inflammation compared with healthy tissues; however, no substantial differences were observed between periodontitis and peri‐implantitis (Table 1).…”

Oral Health in Breast Cancer Women with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Machine Learning Study

“…Therefore, vitamin D’s positive effects in immune regulation might have not only a positive role in oral health management and bone health, but also in the downregulation of inflammatory mediators that promote tumor growth or risk of recurrence [ 61 , 62 ]. Concurrently, periodontitis and gingivitis have been related to increases in immune response and systemic inflammation [ 63 , 64 ].…”