Ethnic attitudes in Pakistan

Mullick, Rehan; Hraba, Joseph

doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(00)00049-3

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It has a population of more than 160 million of which 96% are Muslim and 4% are made up of Christians, Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists. Pakistan is a multiethnic and multicultural state located in the Indo-Pak sub-continent and it covers an area of nearly 800,000 square kilometers, consisting of 4 provinces, Punjab, Sind, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa and Baluchistan (Mullick, 2001;Fayyaz et al, 2009;Statistic Bureau of Pakistan, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan

Khalique

Bontis

Shaari

et al. 2015

Journal of Intellectual Capital

210

208

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the links between intellectual capital sub-components and organizational performance in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the electrical and electronics manufacturing sector in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach -Data were collected through structured questionnaires from a sample of 247 respondents from Pakistani SMEs in Gujranwala and Gujarat. Several tests were used to examine the reliability and validity of the research instrument. Finally, multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed research hypotheses. Findings -The findings of this study demonstrate that the overall regression model of intellectual capital shows goodness of fit while one component of intellectual capital -namely human capital -appeared insignificant. Subsequently, six out of seven research hypotheses was accepted. Practical implications -This study will provide a valuable framework for entrepreneurs, executives, managers and policy makers in managing intellectual capital within the Pakistani context. Originality/value -To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first empirical study that has been conducted on SMEs operating in the electrical and electronics manufacturing sector in Pakistan.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan

Khalique

Bontis

Shaari

et al. 2015

Journal of Intellectual Capital

210

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Instead of facilitating each other in a group, nationalistic members will remain aloof from dissimilar others in order to preserve their pride and superiority, or the distinctiveness, of their ingroup. Contact will be avoided as much as possible and this will, in turn, reinforce distances and boundaries (Hewstone and Greenland, 2000; Mullick and Hraba, 2001). Knowledge or expertise cannot lead to performance improvements when it is not applied or shared.…”

Section: The Role Of Nationalism In Nationally Diverse Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

National diversity and conflict in multinational workgroups

Ayub

Jehn

2006

International Journal of Conflict Management

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PurposeTo develop a theory to explain how national diversity within a workgroup can lead to intra‐group conflict, and how this effect may be exacerbated in the presence of nationalistic attitudes.Design/methodology/approachDefines and discusses what national diversity is and why it is relevant to multinational organizations. Then constructs a multi‐level, theoretical framework to propose the conditions under which national diversity may lead to high levels of conflict. Describes and explains the role of nationalism (i.e. individuals' attitude towards their and others' nationalities) in diverse workgroups and explore the moderating effect of nationalism on the relationship between national diversity and intra‐group conflict.FindingsProposes that in nationally diverse workgroups the presence of workgroup members with strong nationalistic attitudes (e.g. ingroup favoritism and outgroup rejection) will exacerbate the likelihood that national diversity may lead to relationship conflict and process conflict, and that it will weaken the likelihood that national diversity leads to task conflict.Originality/valueThe model demonstrates the necessity of examining national diversity and the factors and conditions, such as the presence of nationalistic attitudes that may hinder the potential of a nationally diverse workgroup.

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“…Around the globe, in democracies and dictatorships, in nations as different as Sudan, Pakistan, China, Japan, Brazil, the US, the UK, France, or Iran, groups that are not part of the dominant ruling political group experience a range of mechanisms, from covert avoidance to social and economic isolation to violence and genocide, that highlight their non‐belonging (Asgharzadeh 2007; Dikötter 1990, 1997; Feagin 2010; Fredrickson 1982; Gordon et al. 2010; Harcourt 2009; Jok 2001; Kürti 1997; Marx 1998; Mullick and Hraba 2001; Telles 2006; Weiner 2009; Winant 2004; Wrench and Solomos 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Critical Global Race Theory

Weiner

2012

Sociology Compass

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The meanings attached to “race” across the globe are myriad, particularly as anti‐Islamic discourse once again links race and religion. Yet scholars lack a common terminology to discuss this phenomenon. This article hopes to expand critical race theory and scholarship across national lines. This critical examination of recent race‐related scholarship provides scholars with empirical suggestions to uncover and document the different processes, mechanisms, trajectories and outcomes of potentially racialized practices that essentialize, dehumanize, “other,” and oppress minority groups while imbuing privileged groups with power and resources in nations across the globe. Ten empirical indicators will allow international researchers to assess the particular situation of different groups in different nations to determine whether, and the extent to which, they are subject to racialization. Specifically, this paper calls for a unified terminology that can accurately account for and address race when and where it occurs and a global broadening of a critical comparative dialogue of racial practices.

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Ethnic attitudes in Pakistan

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan

Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan

National diversity and conflict in multinational workgroups

Towards a Critical Global Race Theory

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