Ethyl Ferulate, a Component with Anti-Inflammatory Properties for Emulsion-Based Creams

Abstract

Ethyl ferulate (FAEE) has been widely studied due to its beneficial heath properties and, when incorporated in creams, shows a high sun protection capacity. Here we aimed to compare FAEE and its precursor, ferulic acid (FA), as free radical scavengers, inhibitors of oxidants produced by leukocytes and the alterations in rheological properties when incorporated in emulsion based creams. The cell-free antiradical capacity of FAEE was decreased compared to FA. However, FAEE was more effective regarding the scavenging of reactive oxygen species produced by activated leukocytes. Stress and frequency sweep tests showed that the formulations are more elastic than viscous. The viscoelastic features of the formulations were confirmed in the creep and recovery assay and showed that the FAEE formulation was less susceptive to deformation. Liberation experiments showed that the rate of FAEE release from the emulsion was slower compared to FA. In conclusion, FAEE is more effective than FA as a potential inhibitor of oxidative damage produced by oxidants generated by leukocytes. The rheological alterations caused OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 8125 by the addition of FAEE are indicative of lower spreadability, which could be useful for formulations used in restricted areas of the skin.

Computational and experimental validation of antioxidant properties of synthesized bioactive ferulic acid derivatives

“…[14,15] For example, the esterification of FA has been employed to increase its effectiveness. [23] In the present study, we provide comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activities of FA and its amide and ester derivatives.…”

“…[21,22] Further, several FA derivatives have been shown to be more lipophilic, thus increasing the ability of the derivatives to cross lipid-rich cell membranes and thereby offer better antioxidant potential. [23][24][25][26][27][28] In light of the aforementioned, we therefore studied structurally modified FA ester and amide derivatives and comparatively evaluated their in vitro antioxidant potentials as well as their possible protein binding interactions, using computational docking studies.…”

Antibacterial and Antitubercular Activities of Cinnamylideneacetophenones

“…We hypothesized this behavior may be responsible by simultaneous activity toward bacteria and pulmonary cells. Therefore, we evaluated the radical scavenging ability of 3 and 4 using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) protocol [ 36 , 37 ]. Compounds 3 and 4 were evaluated at 1600, 800, 400, and 200 µM and exhibited all percentages of DPPH scavenging ability below 8% ( Figure 1 ), suggesting their low efficacy on radical processes.…”

New Ferulic Acid Derivatives Protect Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

“…There have been recent efforts to maximize the therapeutic value of FA by way of structural modification of FA to form FA derivatives in order to enhance physicochemical, antioxidant and therapeutic prospects. Recent investigations to maximize the therapeutic benefits of ferulic acid have demonstrated that structural modification could enhance physicochemical and antioxidant property of ferulic acid [7,8,17]. To prove the principle, we synthesized two new derivatives of ferulic acid and evaluated their protective effect against CCl 4 -induced liver injury in Wistar rats.…”

“…Indeed, studies have implicated several FA derivatives for therapeutic potentials, such as anticancer [10 -12], antiatherogenic [13], and antibacterial agents [14], as well as anti-inflammatory activity [15,16]. Furthermore, the esterification of FA has also been widely used to increase its biological potency [17]. FA ethyl ester is derived by the addition of ethyl groups to FA by the esterification reaction between FA and ethanol [18].…”