Ethylene in relation to compression wood formation in Abies balsamea shoots

Little, C. H. A.; Eklund, Leif

doi:10.1007/pl00009749

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Interestingly, Blast-N analysis showed that this protein has strong similarity to 25-S RNA in both species. Senescence-associated proteins are known to be up-regulated during plant senescence, a mechanism under the control of ethylene, an important gaseous hormone also involved in CW formation (Little and Eklund 1999). Although ethylene was shown to induce the expression of several senescence-associated genes (Wang et al 2000), the role of this TDF in xylogenesis remains unclear.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in transcript accumulation in wood-forming tissues of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) with emphasis on a cell wall glycine-rich protein

Provost

Paiva

Pot

et al. 2003

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Wood formation is being increasingly studied at cellular and biochemical levels; however, gene expression and regulation during wood formation remain poorly understood. Up to six types of wood can be studied within the same tree (early wood, late wood, juvenile wood, mature wood, reaction wood and opposite wood). These six types are characterized by different chemical, physical and anatomical properties. Using the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, we screened several thousand cDNA fragments from differentiating xylem of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) comparing early wood vs. late wood and compression wood vs. opposite wood after 8 or 120 days of bending. About 100 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) showed qualitative or quantitative variations between these different samples. The relative abundance of these TDFs was subsequently analyzed by reverse Northern using RNA derived from early and late wood. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify differentially expressed TDFs ( P<0.01) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to confirm the differential expression of some TDFs. Among the genes with a known function, transcript expression and nucleotide sequence variation analysis showed a cell wall glycine-rich protein to be a strong candidate gene for wood properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in transcript accumulation in wood-forming tissues of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) with emphasis on a cell wall glycine-rich protein

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Paiva

Pot

et al. 2003

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“…The phytohormone ethylene is involved in a diverse array of plant growth and developmental processes (Abeles et al, 1992;Kende, 1993;Bleecker and Kende, 2000) and is a possible candidate effector. In conifers, a number of studies have indicated that ethylene evolution is positively correlated with cambial zone activity, primarily with tracheid production and compression wood formation (Barker, 1979;Telewski and Jaffe, 1986;Eklund, 1990Eklund, , 1991Ingemarsson et al, 1991;Eklund and Little, 1995, 1998Little and Pharis, 1995;Dolan, 1997;Little and Eklund, 1999;Klintborg et al, 2002;Andersson-Gunneras et al, 2003;Du and Yamamoto, 2003). Reports have also indicated that monoterpene synthesis and ethylene production are correlated with stem damage following fungal inoculations and wounding in several species of Pinus (Peters, 1977;Popp et al, 1995).…”

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Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Ethylene Production Is Responsible for Conifer Phloem Defense Responses and Reprogramming of Stem Cambial Zone for Traumatic Resin Duct Formation

2004

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Conifer stem pest resistance includes constitutive defenses that discourage invasion and inducible defenses, including phenolic and terpenoid resin synthesis. Recently, methyl jasmonate (MJ) was shown to induce conifer resin and phenolic defenses; however, it is not known if MJ is the direct effector or if there is a downstream signal. Exogenous applications of MJ, methyl salicylate, and ethylene were used to assess inducible defense signaling mechanisms in conifer stems. MJ and ethylene but not methyl salicylate caused enhanced phenolic synthesis in polyphenolic parenchyma cells, early sclereid lignification, and reprogramming of the cambial zone to form traumatic resin ducts in Pseudotsuga menziesii and Sequoiadendron giganteum. Similar responses in internodes above and below treated internodes indicate transport of a signal giving a systemic response. Studies focusing on P. menziesii showed MJ induced ethylene production earlier and 77-fold higher than wounding. Ethylene production was also induced in internodes above the MJ-treated internode. Pretreatment of P. menziesii stems with the ethylene response inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene inhibited MJ and wound responses. Wounding increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase protein, but MJ treatment produced a higher and more rapid ACC oxidase increase. ACC oxidase was most abundant in ray parenchyma cells, followed by cambial zone cells and resin duct epithelia. The data show these MJ-induced defense responses are mediated by ethylene. The cambial zone xylem mother cells are reprogrammed to differentiate into resin-secreting epithelial cells by an MJ-induced ethylene burst, whereas polyphenolic parenchyma cells are activated to increase polyphenol production. The results also indicate a central role of ray parenchyma in ethylene-induced defense.Resistance in conifer stems to invasion by bark beetles, wood borers, and fungal pathogens includes constitutive defenses that deter initial invasion and inducible responses that may include mass oleoresin secretion and increased phenolic synthesis surrounding the wound zone following invasion. The bark (periderm and secondary phloem) is the first line of defense against stem-invading organisms and in many conifers contains basal levels of compartmentalized phenolic and terpenoid compounds. However, little is known about the activity of cells in the secondary phloem with respect to defense response mechanisms.Polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells are a common component of the secondary phloem of all conifers and are active in the constitutive synthesis, storage, and modification of various phenolic compounds (Franceschi et al., 1998;Krekling et al., 2000). Following abiotic or biotic damage, PP cells give rise to the wound periderm and are activated to accumulate and release phenolics around the wound site, but these cells can also be induced to accumulate phenolics 10 to 30 cm away from damaged tissue (Franceschi et al., 1998Hudgins et al., 2003a;Krekling et al., 2004).A number of studies have revealed qua...

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“…Changes in the expression of these genes are likely to underlie the anatomical and chemical differences observed between CW and NW. The signaling pathway that controls CW formation is still poorly understood, but seems to be a gravitropic response of the tree, related to intrinsic growth direction and phytohormone (particularly ethylene and auxin) distribution and interaction (Timell, 1986;Sundberg et al, 1994;Little and Eklund, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to increased cambial activity, several studies showed that ethylene played a major role in the control of xylem differentiation, both by inducing the activity of enzymes involved in lignification and by affecting polysaccharide deposition during cell wall formation (for review, see Eklund and Tiltu, 1999). Interaction between ethylene and IAA in the regulation of CW formation was demonstrated by Little and Eklund (1999). Mechanical/gravitational perturbation (flexing or tilting) of conifer stems was shown to simultaneously induce ethylene production and CW formation (Telewski and Jaffe, 1986;Timell, 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

Compression Wood-Responsive Proteins in Developing Xylem of Maritime Pine (Pinus pinasterAit.),

Plomion¹,

Pionneau²,

Brach³

et al. 2000

Plant Physiology

103

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When a conifer shoot is displaced from its vertical position, compression wood (CW) is formed on the under side and can eventually return the shoot to its original position. Changes in cell wall structure and chemistry associated with CW are likely to result from differential gene/protein expression. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of differentiating xylem proteins was combined with the physical characterization of wooden samples to identify and characterize CW-responsive proteins. Differentiating xylem was harvested from a 22-year-old crooked maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) tree. Protein extracted from different samples were revealed by high-resolution silver stained two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed with a computer-assisted system for single spot quantification. Growth strain (GS) measurements allowed xylem samples to be classified quantitatively from normal wood to CW. Regression of lignin and cellulose content on GS showed that an increase in the percentage of lignin and a decrease of the percentage of cellulose corresponded to increasing GS values, i.e. CW. Of the 137 studied spots, 19% were significantly associated with GS effect. Up-regulated proteins included 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (an ethylene forming enzyme), a putative transcription factor, two lignification genes (caffeic O-methyltransferase and caffeoyl CoA-O-methyltransferase), members of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-synthase gene family, and enzymes involved in nitrogen and carbon assimilation (glutamine synthetase and fructokinase). A clustered correlation analysis was performed to study simultaneously protein expression along a gradient of gravistimulated stressed xylem tissue. Proteins were found to form "expression clusters" that could identify: (a) Gene product under similar control mechanisms, (b) partner proteins, or (c) functional groups corresponding to specialized pathways. The possibility of obtaining regulatory correlations and anticorrelations between proteins provide us with a new category of homology (regulatory homology) in tracing functional relationships.

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Ethylene in relation to compression wood formation in Abies balsamea shoots

Cited by 27 publications

References 31 publications

Seasonal variation in transcript accumulation in wood-forming tissues of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) with emphasis on a cell wall glycine-rich protein

Seasonal variation in transcript accumulation in wood-forming tissues of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) with emphasis on a cell wall glycine-rich protein

Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Ethylene Production Is Responsible for Conifer Phloem Defense Responses and Reprogramming of Stem Cambial Zone for Traumatic Resin Duct Formation

Compression Wood-Responsive Proteins in Developing Xylem of Maritime Pine (Pinus pinasterAit.),

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