Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts from Tricholosporum goniospermum, an Edible Wild Mushroom

Abstract

Tricholosporum goniospermum (Bres.) Guzmán ex T.J. Baroni is an excellent edible mushroom whose compounds and biological properties are still unknown. In this study, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from fruiting bodies and liquid-cultured mycelia were compared for the analysis of phenolic compounds, the evaluation of scavenger (DPPH, ABTS) and reducing (CUPRAC, FRAP) activities, and the enzyme inhibition of α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase. Additionally, T. goniospermum extracts were evaluated for antibacterial and antimycotic activities against Gram+ and Gram− bacteria, and clinical yeast and fungal dermatophytes. Finally, based on the extract content in phenolic compounds, in silico studies, including the docking approach, were conducted to predict the putative targets (namely tyrosinase, lanosterol-14-α-demethylase, the multidrug efflux system transporters of E. coli (mdtK) and P. aeruginosa (pmpM), and S. aureus β-lactamase (ORF259)) underlying the observed bio-pharmacological and microbiological effects. The methanolic extract from mycelia was the richest in gallic acid, whereas the ethyl acetate extract from fruiting bodies was the sole extract to show levels of catechin. Specifically, docking runs demonstrated an affinity of catechin towards all docked proteins, in the micromolar range. These in silico data are consistent, at least in part, with the highest activity of ethyl acetate extract as an antimicrobial and anti-tyrosinase (554.30 mg KAE/g for fruiting bodies and 412.81 mg KAE/g for mycelia) agent. The ethyl acetate extracts were also noted as being the most active (2.97 mmol ACAE/g for fruiting bodies and 2.25 mmol ACAE/g for mycelia) on α-amylase. BChE inhibitory activities varied from 2.61 to 26.78 mg GALAE/g, while the tested extracts were not active on AChE. In conclusion, all mushroom extracts tested in this study had potent antimicrobial activities. Particularly, among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest efficacy as both an antimicrobial and anti-tyrosinase agent. This could be related, albeit partially, to its content of catechin. In this regard, the bioinformatics analyses showed interactions of catechin with tyrosinase and specific microbial proteins involved in the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, thus suggesting innovative pharmacological applications of T. goniospermum extracts.

Pharmacological Potential and Chemical Characterization of Bridelia ferruginea Benth.—A Native Tropical African Medicinal Plant

“…Considering the potential cytotoxicity of natural compounds extracted from B. ferruginea [ 11 ] and the intrinsic antimicrobial activity displayed by herbal extracts rich in total phenolic compounds [ 50 , 51 ], the present study also attempted to inspect the anti-proliferative and antimicrobial effects of B. ferruginea. The anti-proliferative properties were evaluated against the human colon cancer HCT116 cell line.…”

“…The antimicrobial effects of B. ferruginea extract were assayed against numerous bacterial and fungal strains, according to previous studies [ 50 , 51 ]. Specifically, the bacterial species considered for testing the bacteriostatic effects were E. coli (ATCC 10536), E. coli (PeruMycA 2), E. coli (PeruMycA 3), P. aeruginosa (PeruMycA 5), S. typhy (PeruMycA 7), B. cereus (PeruMycA 4), B. subtilis (PeruMycA 6), and S. aureus (ATCC 6538).…”

Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Solidago virga-aurea, Phyllanthus niruri, Epilobium angustifolium, Peumus boldus, and Ononis spinosa Extracts

“…It is of noteworthy interest that most of the tested extracts showed bacteriostatic and mycostatic effects at concentrations much lower than LC 50 values calculated via the brine shrimp test. In the present multidirectional study, the inhibitory effects of tested extracts on bacterial and fungi strains were expressed as µg/mL in order to better compare the concentrations of the extracts active as antimicrobials with those active as anti-inflammatory/antioxidant agents [16,37,38]. On the other hand, multiple studies suggest the use of arbitrary units to express the antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts as well [42][43][44].…”

“…To investigate the extracts effects on bacterial, Candida, and dermatophyte growth, the inhibitory activity was compared to ciprofloxacin, fluconazole and griseofulvin, respectively. The detailed protocols of the present antimicrobial assays have been fully described in recently published papers of ours [37,38].…”

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications

“…The health-promoting outcome of mushrooms has fascinated many groups during the past few years, because of the presence of a wide range of secondary metabolites in their fruiting bodies. Approximately 270 species of mushrooms are now recognized as most likely therapeutic agents, used to safeguard human health [ 135 ].…”