Evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activity of three anthraquinones (alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin)

Abstract

<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:</jats:title><jats:p> The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidative, and enzyme inhibition effects of alizarin, quinizarin, and purpurin, which are anthraquinones (AQ). </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:</jats:title><jats:p> Cytotoxic effects were evaluated with cell inhibition rate by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Different chemical assays, including free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid)), phosphomolybdenum and reducing power (ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion reducing activity), were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Moreover, enzyme inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase, butrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:</jats:title><jats:p> These components have antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity. Especially, purpurin showed the strongest antioxidant and good enzyme inhibitory effects. According to our cytotoxicity results, alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin induced dose- and time-dependent cell proliferation. Furthermore, when we applied AQs with mitomycin C (MC) on L929 cell line, we demonstrated that cell proliferation in MC-AQ groups compared with MC group was increased. The most effective component was alizarin at 100 µM concentration. These AQs showed positive effects on L929 cell lines with high half-maximal inhibitory concentration values. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title><jats:p> Our results demonstrate that AQs may be used as antioxidative compounds in food and medicinal applications. </jats:p></jats:sec>

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential and Enzymes Inhibitory Properties of Globe Artichoke By‐Products

“…Hence, development of alternative and safer enzyme inhibitory agents is highly recommended. These new natural compounds have shown effective enzyme inhibition without adverse effects …”

Structure-Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Relationships of Purpurin and Related Anthraquinones in Chemical and Cell Assays

“…It occurs as a colorless glycoside in the root of the common madder plant ( Rubia tinctorum L.) [ 5 , 6 ]. The cellular and molecular basis for the reported health-promoting properties of purpurin in vitro and in vivo seems to be associated with antioxidative [ 7 ] and antigenotoxic [ 8 , 9 ] effects that include (a) chemoprotective effects against DNA adduct formation in mice; and (b) inhibition of biological alkylations of DNA by carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, present in heat-processed (cooked) meat and poultry products [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. In the present study, we observed that anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties in cells might also contribute to the mentioned beneficial effects.…”

The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure

“…In a related study, Zengin et al investigated the antioxidative effects of the following three anthraquinones: alizarin, quinizarin, and purpurin [49]. Purpurin showed the highest activity.…”