Evaluation of Correlation of Blood Glucose and Salivary Glucose Level in Known Diabetic Patients

Gupta, Anjali; Singh, Siddharth; Padmavathi, BN; Rajan, SK; Mamatha, GP; Kumar, Sandeep; Roy, Sayak; Sareen, Mohit

doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/12398.5994

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The studies were published from 1996 to 2017. Two studies were reported in Turkey,[ 14 15 ] one in Pakistan,[ 16 ] three in Iran,[ 3 17 18 ] thirteen in India,[ 4 6 9 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ] one in Brazil,[ 29 ] two in Nigeria,[ 30 31 ] one in Egypt,[ 5 ] one in Poland,[ 32 ] and one in China. [ 33 ] There were 1432 and 900 diabetic patients and healthy controls in all studies, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nine studies measured the salivary profile of patients and controls in non-fasting condition (<2 h)[ 8 14 19 21 22 24 26 29 32 ] and 16 studies in fasting (8–12 h) condition. [ 3 4 5 6 9 15 16 17 20 23 25 27 28 30 31 33 ] Three studies reported SE,[ 15 17 27 ] one study reported median/range,[ 19 ] one study reported two means/SDs,[ 16 ] and a few studies reported different units, which were changed. Four studies[ 19 20 21 27 ] checked separately the factors in controlled diabetic and uncontrolled diabetic patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten studies[ 6 9 15 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 ] showed a correlation between salivary glucose and serum glucose levels in the diabetic patients, r value was found to be >0.75 in seven studies,[ 6 9 15 21 24 27 ] which was statistically significant ( P < 0.01), and two of which[ 22 28 ] checked this correlation in two diabetic groups. The r values in two studies were 0.394[ 23 ] and 0.54,[ 28 ] being found to be statistically significant ( P < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

2018

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Background:Saliva is a fluid with the complex compound which can be used as diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This meta-analysis evaluated salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), total protein, and amylase levels in adult T2D compared with the controls as well as the correlation of salivary glucose levels with serum glucose and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in both groups.Materials and Methods:Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2017. A random-effects analysis was performed using the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals. The search terms were “T2D, IgA, amylase, total protein, or glucose” combination with “saliva.” The studied variables were the sample size, the percentage of male, the mean age, the condition of saliva sampling, and the salivary levels of mentioned factors.Results:A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with 1432 and 900 diabetic patients and healthy controls, respectively. MD of salivary glucose level in patients with T2D, compared with the healthy controls, in fasting and nonfasting conditions were 6.23 mg/dL (P = 0.0002) and 6.70 mg/dL (P < 0.00001), respectively. Furthermore, the fasting salivary total protein in the patients was significantly higher than the controls (MD = 167.96 mg/dL; P = 0.03). Non-fasting salivary amylase and secretory IgA levels were significantly lower in the patients (MD = −48.61 IU/mL; P < 0.00001) than in the controls (MD = −9.42 IU/mL; P = 0.0006), respectively. The pooled estimate showed a significant correlation between salivary and serum glucose in the patients (r = 0.765; P < 0.001) and the controls (r = 0.646; P < 0.001) and between salivary glucose and serum glycated hemoglobin in the patients (r = 0.721; P < 0.001).Conclusion:Measurement of these salivary factors can be helpful for diagnostic and monitoring purposes of T2D. In addition, salivary glucose as a diagnostic tool can evaluate serum glucose and HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

2018

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“…concluded the mean FSG for healthy individuals as 6.58 mg/dl. [ 27 ] In a study done by Mussavira et al ., the healthy group had mean FSG as 2.07 mg/dl. [ 17 ] Ravindran et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of salivary glucose level with blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus

Gupta

Nayak

Sunitha

et al. 2017

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol

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Background:Saliva is a unique fluid, which is important for normal functioning of the oral cavity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency characterized by insufficient secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells. The diagnosis of diabetes through blood is difficult in children, older adults, debilitated and chronically ill patients, so diagnosis by analysis of saliva can be potentially valuable as collection of saliva is noninvasive, easier and technically insensitive, unlike blood. The aim of the study was to correlate blood glucose level (BGL) and salivary glucose level (SGL) in DM patients.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted in 120 patients, who were categorized as 40 controlled diabetics, 40 uncontrolled diabetics and 40 healthy, age- and sex-matched individuals constituted the controls. The blood and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from the patients at the different intervals for fasting, random and postprandial levels. These samples were then subjected for analysis of glucose in blood and saliva using glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent in HITACHI 902(R) Automatic analyzer, and the results were recorded.Results:The mean SGLs were higher in uncontrolled and controlled diabetic groups than in nondiabetic group. A highly statistically significant correlation was found between fasting saliva glucose and fasting blood glucose in all the groups.Conclusion:With increase in BGL, increase in SGL was observed in patients with diabetes suggesting that SGL can be used for monitoring glycemic level in DM.

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“…From these parameters, it is possible to use salivary components to reflect the presence and severity of hyperglycemia [33]. The saliva of diabetics with poor metabolic control shows an increase in salivary glucose concentration [34]. The correlation of glycemia with glucose concentration in saliva is still not well established, so currently it is not used to verify the degree of metabolic control and diagnosis in diabetes mellitus [35][36][37].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment

Caixeta¹,

Aguiar²,

Cardoso-Sousa³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Monitoring of blood glucose is an invasive, painful and costly practice in diabetes. Consequently, the search for a more cost-effective (reagent-free), non-invasive and specific diabetes monitoring method is of great interest. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used in diagnosis of several diseases, however, applications in the monitoring of diabetic treatment are just beginning to emerge. Here, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to evaluate saliva of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D) and insulin-treated diabetic (D+I) rats to identify potential salivary biomarkers related to glucose monitoring. The spectrum of saliva of ND, D and D+I rats displayed several unique vibrational modes and from these, two vibrational modes were pre-validated as potential diagnostic biomarkers by ROC curve analysis with significant correlation with glycemia. Compared to the ND and D+I rats, classification of D rats was achieved with a sensitivity of 100%, and an average specificity of 93.33% and 100% using bands 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1 , respectively. Moreover, 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1 spectral bands proved to be robust spectral biomarkers and highly correlated with glycemia (R 2 of 0.801 and 0.788, P < 0.01, respectively). Both PCA-LDA and HCA classifications achieved an accuracy of 95.2%. Spectral salivary biomarkers discovered using univariate and multivariate analysis may provide a novel robust alternative for diabetes monitoring using a non-invasive and green technology.

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Evaluation of Correlation of Blood Glucose and Salivary Glucose Level in Known Diabetic Patients

Abstract: Salivary glucose values cannot be considered as a diagnostic tool for diabetic individuals.

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

Correlation of salivary glucose level with blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus

Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment

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