Evaluation of factors influencing deep cryogenic treatment that affect the properties of tool steels

Oppenkowski, A.; Weber, Sebastian; Theisen, W.

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.007

Cited by 115 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Samples are cooled down in liquid nitrogen for some periods, then gradually warmed up to room temperature, which is used regularly after quenching and before tempering. A lot of studies suggest that DCT allows the occurrence of phase transition and microstructure refinement, it can significantly improve some properties of metal substrate [12][13][14]. From previous studies, we believe that the hardness, strength and surface state of metallic substrates are equally important for bonding strength and properties of films [15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…At low temperature of DCT, the structure contraction and a different expansion coefficient of martensite and austenite cause a high degree of stress, which force carbon atoms to jump to grain boundaries, so carbide particle size is decreased and carbide distribution becomes more uniform. Transformation and decomposition of martensite bring refinement of grain and increase of grain boundary to substrate [13][14]. On the one hand, greater contact areas of film and substrate due to the refine grains and new homogeneous carbides will provide more places to nucleation at the beginning of films deposition, and mechanical interlocking of interface will be enhanced in its favor.…”

Section: Structure Of Dlc Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Deep Cryogenic Pre-treatment for Substrates on Mechanical Property of DLC Films

Gong¹,

Nie

Jin

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering (AEECE 2016)

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2µm thick DLC multilayer films were deposited on W9 high-speed steel with deep cryogenic pre-treatment (DCT) for 30 hours in liquid nitrogen by unbalanced magnetron sputtering technique, which were compared with the DLC films without DCT. The results show that compound systems with DCT exhibit higher film-substrate bonding strength and superior friction wear property, which are closely related to the DCT effect that martensitic transformation and decomposition, grain refinement and carbides precipitation. Thus the hardness, strength and residual stress of substrate are improved remarkably, and deformation compatibility between film and substrate under external load become more coordinating. Meanwhile, surface morphology of substrate is effectively adjusted by phase transformation, as a result, element diffusion and mechanical interlocking effect of film-substrate interface are optimized with added grain boundary and fine uniform organization. IntroductionDiamond-like Carbon (DLC) films, a kind of fascinating materials, having some features of both graphite and diamond, such as high hardness, good wear resistance, low friction coefficient, chemical inertness and biocompatibility, which have been extensively used in many fields due to its excellent properties [1][2][3][4]. However, high residual compressive stress and weak adhesion of DLC films to substrate has restricted their working life and applications [5][6]. To reduce the residual stress and to enhance the adhesion and mechanical properties of DLC films, a lot of techniques have been studied by researchers [7][8][9][10][11], such as changing sedimentary means, doping third elements (N, Cr, Ti, W, etc), incorporating metal transition layer. Nonetheless, previous studies have their own limitations because these ways focus primarily on changing the properties of films.Deep cryogenic treatment is a special kind of heat treatment technology, and has been efficiently performed on metal materials since 1940. Samples are cooled down in liquid nitrogen for some periods, then gradually warmed up to room temperature, which is used regularly after quenching and before tempering. A lot of studies suggest that DCT allows the occurrence of phase transition and microstructure refinement, it can significantly improve some properties of metal substrate [12][13][14]. From previous studies, we believe that the hardness, strength and surface state of metallic substrates are equally important for bonding strength and properties of films [15][16]. In this paper, deep cryogenic treatment was used to improve the properties of metallic substrates. we mainly investigated the mechanical property of DLC films from film-substrate bonding strength and friction performance. Moreover, the effect of DCT on microstructure and surface state of substrates were significantly discussed as well as the optimization mechanism of film-substrate interface.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Structure Of Dlc Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Pre-treatment for Substrates on Mechanical Property of DLC Films

Gong¹,

Nie

Jin

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering (AEECE 2016)

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“…After the DCT process, retained austenite transformed into martensite, although not completely. Oppenkowski et al [16] studied the wear resistance of the powder metallurgically produced and cryogenically treated cold-work tool steel AISI D2. Further investigations of this study identified a nearly constant wear rate for holding times of up to 24 h. The wear rate reaches a minimum for a longer holding time of 36 h and increases again with further holding.…”

Section: And Deep Cryogenic Treatment At -196mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of wear performance of cryogenically treated Vanadis 4 Extra tool steel

Güneş¹,

Uzun²,

Çetín³

et al. 2016

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“…Most researchers believe that cryogenic treatment will fully promote the transformation of retained austenite into martensite and lead to improvement of wear resistance [7]. A little improvement in hardness of die steel, tool steel and 4140 steel has been reported by D. Das et al [8], A. Molinari et al [9] and A. Oppenkowsk et al [10], when the cryogenic treatment process was performed after conventional heat treatment. However, the mechanical behaviors could be obviously improved if the cryogenic treatment process was performed prior to the tempering treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment and tempering on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of a wear-resistant austempered alloyed bainitic ductile iron

Chen

Cui

Tong

2015

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. In this paper, the effect of deep cryogenic treatment in combination with conventional heat treatment process was investigated on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of alloyed bainitic ductile iron. Three processing schedules were employed to treat this alloyed ductile iron including direct tempering treatment, tempering.+deep cryogenic treatment and deep cryogenic treatment.+tempering treatments. The microstructure and mechanical behavior, especially the wear resistance, have been evaluated after treated by these three schedules. The results show that martensite microstructure can be obviously refined and the precipitation of dispersed carbides is promoted by deep cryogenic treatment at .−196 • C for 3 h after tempered at 450 • C for 2 h. In this case, the alloyed bainitic ductile iron possesses rather high hardness and wear-resistance than those processed by other two schedules. The main wear mechanism of the austempered alloyed ductile iron with deep cryogenic treatment and tempering is micro-cutting wear in association with plastic deformation wear.

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Evaluation of factors influencing deep cryogenic treatment that affect the properties of tool steels

Cited by 115 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Pre-treatment for Substrates on Mechanical Property of DLC Films

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Pre-treatment for Substrates on Mechanical Property of DLC Films

Evaluation of wear performance of cryogenically treated Vanadis 4 Extra tool steel

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment and tempering on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of a wear-resistant austempered alloyed bainitic ductile iron

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