Evaluation of head-free eye tracking as an input device for air traffic control

Alonso, Roland; Causse, Mickaël; Vachon, François; Parise, Robert A.; Dehais, Frédéric; Terrier, Patrice

doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.744473

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Verbal warnings tailored to specific hazard situations may improve hazard-matching capabilities without substantial trade-off in perceived annoyance (Baldwin, 2011). The main purpose of ATC is to optimize the flow of traffic and to separate aircraft to prevent collisions both in the air and on the ground; therefore an examination of all possibilities to enhance ATCO's monitoring performance using advanced technology is required (Alonso et al, 2013). A key objective of ATM system design should be to enable the controller to integrate existing information with the evolving traffic state within the airspace under control.…”

Section: Design Of Alerts and Atco's Experience For Conflict Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of alerting design on air traffic controllers' response to conflict detection and resolution

Kearney¹,

Lin

2016

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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The research aim is to develop a better design of auditory alerts that can improve air traffic controllers' situation awareness. Method: Participants are seventy-seven qualified Air Traffic Controllers. The experiment was conducted in the Air Traffic Control operational rooms of the Irish Aviation Authority at Shannon and Dublin. Participants were advised that the trials were in relation to the COOPANS Air Traffic Control. ANOVA with two between-subject factors (alerting designs and experience levels) were conducted to analyze the ATCO's response time for three critical events. Bonferroni test was performed for post-hoc analysis on mean differences of response time. Results: There is a significant difference in ATCO's response time between acoustic alert and semantic alert across STCA, APW and MSAW. No significant main effect of controllers' experience on ATCO's response time for STCA and APW. Also, there is no significant interaction between alerting design and experience level on ATCO's response time across STCA, APW and MSAW. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the acoustic alert deployed within the COOPANS ATM system provides level-1 Situational Awareness to ATCO's compared with an semantic alert which provides not only level-1 of situational awareness for perceived alerts, but also level-2 and level-3 of situational awareness to assist ATCO understanding of critical events and therefore develop more suitable solutions. Consequently, humancentered design of a semantic alert can significantly speed up ATCO's response to STCA, and APW. Furthermore, the sematic alert could alleviate expertise differences by promoting quicker response times for both novice and experienced air traffic controllers.

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Section: Design Of Alerts and Atco's Experience For Conflict Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of alerting design on air traffic controllers' response to conflict detection and resolution

Kearney¹,

Lin

2016

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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“…The left eye and the right eye may not be in a horizontal line when the user doesn t face straight to the video camera. So we use (15) to perform the horizontal IPF on the left half face and right half face, and get the two corresponding y-coordinates (yL , yR) for the two eyes. Step 3.…”

Section: Eye Windows Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 shows the diagram of an eye movement tracking system. Furthermore, the identified eye activities can be encoded as input commands to the HCI interfaces, which can control some simple devices [14,15] . For example, when your eyes move to the left, it may guide the wheelchair to the left, your eyes moving right may guide the wheelchair to the right.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Eye Movements from Non-frontal Face Images for Eye-controlled Systems

Lin

Liu

2014

Int. J. Autom. Comput.

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The novel eye-based human-computer interaction (HCI) system aims to provide people, especially, disabled persons, a new way of communication with surroundings. It adopts a series of continual eye movements as input to perform simple control activities. Identification of eye movements is the crucial technology in these eye-based HCI systems. At present, researches on eye movement identification mainly focus on frontal face images. In fact, acquisition of non-frontal face images is more reasonable in real applications. In this paper, we discuss the identification process of eye movements from non-frontal face images. Firstly, the original head-shoulder images of 0 • -±60 • azimuths are sampled without any auxiliary light source. Secondly, the non-frontal face region is detected by using the Adaboost cascade classifiers. After that, we roughly extract eye windows by the integral projection function. Then, we propose a new method to calculate the x − y coordinates of the pupil center point by searching the minimal intensity value in the eye windows. According to the trajectory of the pupil center points, different eye movements (eye moving left, right, up or down) are successfully identified. A set of experiments is presented.

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“…However, it is likely that these paper strips will soon become outdated as controllers are increasingly interacting directly with the radar screen to make flight modifications (e.g. the mouse and a drop-down list, or even the potential for eye gaze inputs; Alonso et al 2012). Because such a system is instantaneously updated, not only can it prevent false alarms that often occur in more traditional systems -for example, receiving an alert when the controller has already changed an aircraft's flight parameters -but it also allows a more efficient and proactive management of potential conflicts and false alarms.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing usability and trainability of indirect touch interaction: perspective for the next generation of air traffic control systems

Causse¹,

Alonso²,

Vachon³

et al. 2014

Ergonomics

Self Cite

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This study aims to determine whether indirect touch device can be used to interact with graphical objects displayed on another screen in an air traffic control (ATC) context. The introduction of such a device likely requires an adaptation of the sensory-motor system. The operator has to simultaneously perform movements on the horizontal plane while assessing them on the vertical plane. Thirty-six right-handed participants performed movement training with either constant or variable practice and with or without visual feedback of the displacement of their actions. Participants then performed a test phase without visual feedback. Performance improved in both practice conditions, but accuracy was higher with visual feedback. During the test phase, movement time was longer for those who had practiced with feedback, suggesting an element of dependency. However, this 'cost' of feedback did not extend to movement accuracy. Finally, participants who had received variable training performed better in the test phase, but accuracy was still unsatisfactory. We conclude that continuous visual feedback on the stylus position is necessary if tablets are to be introduced in ATC.

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Evaluation of head-free eye tracking as an input device for air traffic control

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

The impact of alerting design on air traffic controllers' response to conflict detection and resolution

The impact of alerting design on air traffic controllers' response to conflict detection and resolution

Identification of Eye Movements from Non-frontal Face Images for Eye-controlled Systems

Testing usability and trainability of indirect touch interaction: perspective for the next generation of air traffic control systems

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