Evaluation of<i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>as an Alternative Test Organism for Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—<i>Xenopus</i>(FETAX)

Song, Min; Fort, Douglas J.; McLaughlin, Daniel L.; Rogers, Robert L.; Thomas, John H.; Buzzard, Brody O.; Noll, Andra M.; Myers, Natalie K.

doi:10.1081/dct-120022647

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For this reason, it has been hard to investigate the function of genes in Xenopus tropicalis, a related species of Xenopus laevis is now also used as a model species in developmental biology studies (Amaya et al, 1998, Song et al, 2003, because Xenopus tropicalis is the diploid species and therefore more amenable to genetic studies (Smith et al, 1991). The genome of Xenopus tropicalis was sequenced recently to construct a genetic linkage map (Kochan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of induction during development between Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis

Sedohara¹,

Suzawa²,

Asashima³

2006

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Several in vitro systems exist for the induction of animal caps using growth factors such as activin. In this paper, we compared the competence of activin-treated animal cap cells dissected from the late blastulae of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis. The resultant tissue explants from both species differentiated into mesodermal and endodermal tissues in a dosedependent manner. In addition, RT-PCR analysis revealed that organizer and mesoderm markers were expressed in a similar temporal and dose-dependent manner in tissues from both organisms. These results indicate that animal cap cells from Xenopus tropicalis have the same competence in response to activin as those from Xenopus laevis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of induction during development between Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis

Sedohara¹,

Suzawa²,

Asashima³

2006

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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“…Pinsky and Fraser (1959) and Chamberlain and Nelson (1963) demonstrated that 6-AN produced hydrocephalus, cleft palate and skeletal defects in mouse and rat, respectively, that are similar to the effects found in Xenopus sp. Dawson and Bantle (1987) and Fort et al (2003) found that exposure of X. laevis to ethanol produced craniofacial dysmorphology and mouth defects at concentrations of ca. 0.5% (w/v).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently we evaluated the use of X. tropicalis as an alternative test organism for FETAX using three test materials previously evaluated with X. laevis: 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), isoniazid and methotrexate (Song et al, 2003). Greater endpoint variability was observed when comparing the results for X. tropicalis performed at the standard FETAX culture temperature of 23°C with the historical X. laevis results.…”

Section: Assay Methodologymentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative sensitivity of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis as test species for the FETAX model

Fort

Rogers

Thomas

et al. 2004

J of Applied Toxicology

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The use of Xenopus tropicalis as an alternative test species for the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) model was evaluated. Five test substances with varying developmental toxicity potential were evaluated using the traditional FETAX (X. laevis) and a modified assay to accommodate the use of X. tropicalis. Two separate definitive concentration-response tests were performed with ethanol, semicarbazide, copper, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) and atrazine. In order to evaluate the impact of culture temperature on species sensitivity, tests with X. tropicalis were performed concurrently at 27 degrees C (optimum temperature) and 23 degrees C (traditional FETAX temperature). Tests with X. laevis were performed only at 23 degrees C (optimal for X. laevis). Regardless of culture temperature, tests with X. laevis and X. tropicalis indicated that each of the compounds possessed teratogenic potential: semicarbazide>6-AN>atrazine approximately copper>ethanol. Results from these studies indicated that these two species responded similarly to the test compounds. Xenopus tropicalis was somewhat less sensitive to 6-AN, semicarbizide and atrazine when tested at 27 degrees C than at 23 degrees C. Ethanol, copper and atrazine were reasonably equipotent in X. tropicalis and X. laevis in terms of teratogenic response (EC50 for malformation), whereas 6-AN and semicarbizide were less potent in X. tropicalis than in X. laevis. No substantial differences (order of magnitude) in potency were observed between X. laevis and X. tropicalis with any of the test materials evaluated. Malformation syndromes induced in both species were similar in X. tropicalis and X. laevis. These results suggested that X. tropicalis could be used effectively as a test organism for the FETAX model.

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“…Zebrafish can be a good surrogate animal model to study cardiovascular toxicity (Zon and Peterson, 2005). Amphibian models can be used effectively for developmental toxicity studies (Song et al 2003). Many prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic cell-based systems, using bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) and yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) have achieved milestones in basic research.…”

Section: Alternatives To Rodent and Non Rodent Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of Small Laboratory Animals as Models in Translational Research: Challenges and Road Ahead

Siddiqui¹,

Jagdale²,

Ahire³

et al. 2016

J App Pharm Sci

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Translational research using small laboratory animals is being done to demonstrate proof of concept, to study pharmacokinetics as well as to understand efficacy and safety of new drug molecules. During the evaluation of a drug candidate, the assessment of efficacy and safety is normally performed in different experiments using various animal models. In such experiments, efficacy is assessed by mimicking the disease state in animal model while safety is investigated in healthy animals. Inventing new drugs using biotechnological and nanotechnological approaches is becoming a major thrust area in drug research. Apart from this, the development of medicine from traditional knowledge like Ayurveda has emerged as major area for drug industry. Use of conventional in-vivo approaches may not prove useful to answer many questions. Transgenic/knock-out/knock-in animals are now getting space in pharmaceutical research for target identification and validation. Predictability of in-vivo research depends on scientific protocols and methods adopted for model selection and development. Various alternative approaches for in-vivo research are being followed. It is a fact that no animal model is 100 % capable of mimicking the complex human body but still, researchers have not yet found any alternative model which can completely replace in -vivo models. This review is a holistic approach explaining the various animal models being used for translational research, animal ethical issues, alternative approaches available and provides a critical analysis of major issues/challenges faced in translational research using in-vivo approaches.

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Evaluation ofXenopus tropicalisas an Alternative Test Organism for Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus(FETAX)

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Comparison of induction during development between Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis

Comparison of induction during development between Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis

Comparative sensitivity of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis as test species for the FETAX model

Relevance of Small Laboratory Animals as Models in Translational Research: Challenges and Road Ahead

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