Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Potentials of The Leaves of <i>Aquilaria malaccensis</i>

Hegde, Karunakar; Shree, Durga P M; Sajjan, Praveenkumar C

doi:10.5958/2321-5836.2019.00007.7

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Aquilaria malaccensis contains phytochemicals, such as saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, coumarin, emodin, anthraquinone, and resins. (15) These phytochemicals can synergize with one another to improve the human immune system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND: Aquilaria malaccensis has been consumed as herbal medicine, and in vitro study showed that the leaf extract possesses high antioxidant activities. A brief preliminary study indicated that A. malaccensis showed a promising immunomodulatory activity when evaluated using latex beads. This current study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of A. malaccensis leaf extract on the macrophage, which was challenged with pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.METHODS: Bioactivity was determined by evaluating the phagocytic capacity of macrophages isolated from Mus musculus against S. aureus. First, the cytotoxicity of extracts on macrophages was evaluated using MTT assays, and the IC50 value was used to determine the dose of immunomodulatory assays. The highest toxicity was observed on chloroform extract with an IC50 value of 111.4 µg/mL. Therefore, the treatment was 100 and 50 µg/mL. Two parameters, including the phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages infected with S. aureus, were used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. The analysis of variance was done at p<0.05 to determine the significant difference among treatments.RESULTS: Chloroform and ethanol extracts at a 50 µg/mL concentration showed the best results with the phagocytic activity of 82.33%±9.61% and 80.33±1.53%. The ethyl acetate showed lower phagocytic activities of 70.67±1.53. All extracts significantly increased phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity, and the results differed significantly between negative and positive controls. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the extract contained terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin.CONCLUSION: A. malaccensis leaf extracts showed immunomodulatory activity. Both chloroform and ethanol extracts showed comparable activity, while the ethyl acetate extract was lower. The extracts contained diverse bioactive compounds that may support activating macrophage cells for immunomodulatory activity.KEYWORDS: Aquilaria malaccensis, immunomodulator, phagocytosis, macrophages, Staphylococcus aureus

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…6,7 In addition, the plant was involved in the treatment of central nervous system diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia as well as fumigation therapy for sterilization and personal hygiene. 8 Previous scientific research on A. malaccensis reported its potential pharmacological activities including anticancer, 9,10 antimicrobial, 10−13 antioxidant, 11,13−16 anti-inflammatory, 17,18 immunomodulatory, 19 antidiabetic, 13,20 embryogenesis, 21,22 and antitrypanosomal activity. 23 Research on the phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria species reported the presence of a number of compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, benzophenones, xanthonoids, sesquiterpenes, chromones, fatty acids, phytosterols, and lignans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was also prescribed to alleviate jaundice, ulcer, edema, skin diseases, fever, and body aches. , In addition, the plant was involved in the treatment of central nervous system diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia as well as fumigation therapy for sterilization and personal hygiene . Previous scientific research on A. malaccensis reported its potential pharmacological activities including anticancer, , antimicrobial, − antioxidant, ,− anti-inflammatory, , immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, , embryogenesis, , and antitrypanosomal activity…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical Constituents of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity against LPS/IFN-γ-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cell Line

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aims to identify the major phytochemical constituents in Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) ethanolic leaf extract (ALEX-M) and elucidate their ability to suppress nitric oxide (NO) production from a murine macrophage-like cell line (RAW 264.7) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions of ALEX-M were subjected to column chromatography. Eight known compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. Compounds were identified using spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR). Anti-inflammatory activity of both extract and isolated compounds were investigated in vitro. The fractions offered the isolation of epifriedelanol ( 1 ), 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone ( 2 ), luteolin-7,3′,4′-trimethyl ether ( 3 ), luteolin-7,4′-dimethyl ether ( 4 ), acacetin ( 5 ), aquilarinenside E ( 6 ), iriflophenone-2- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 7 ), and iriflophenone-3- C -β-glucoside ( 8 ). The findings suggest the pharmacological potential of the crude extract (ALEX-M) and its isolates as natural anti-inflammatory agents, capable of suppressing NO production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS/IFN-γ.

show abstract

Metabolite Profiling of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract Using Liquid Chromatography-Q-TOF-Mass Spectrometry and Investigation of Its Potential Antilipoxygenase Activity In-Vitro

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Aquilaria malaccensis species of the genus Aquilaria is an abundant source of agarwood resin and many bioactive phytochemicals. Recent data regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of Aquilaria leaves led us to attempt to qualitatively profile the metabolites of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves from a healthy, noninoculated tree through phytochemical screening, GC-MS, and LC/Q-TOF-MS. The present work is also the first to report the antilipoxygenase activity of A. malaccensis leaves from healthy noninoculated tree and investigate its toxicity on oral mucosal cells. A total of 53 compounds were tentatively identified in the extract, some of which have been described in literature as exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. A number of compounds were identified for the first time in the extract of A. malaccensis leaf, including quercetin, quercetin-O-hexoside, kaempferol-O-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, syringetin-O-hexoside, myricetin, tetrahydroxyflavanone, hesperetin, sissotrin, and lupeol. The antilipoxygenase assay was used to determine the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory potential of the extract, while a WST-1 assay was conducted to investigate the effect of the extract on oral epithelial cells (OEC). The extract implied moderate anti-LOX activity with IC50 value of 71.6 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the cell viability of OEC ranged between 92.55% (10 µg/mL)–76.06% ± (100 µg/mL) upon treatment, indicating some potential toxicity risks. The results attained encourage future studies of the isolation of bioactive compounds from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves, as well as further investigation on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and toxicity associated with their use.

show abstract

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Potentials of The Leaves of Aquilaria malaccensis

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro

Phytochemical Constituents of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity against LPS/IFN-γ-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cell Line

Metabolite Profiling of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract Using Liquid Chromatography-Q-TOF-Mass Spectrometry and Investigation of Its Potential Antilipoxygenase Activity In-Vitro

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About