Evaluation of Microcirculation, Cytokine Profile, and Local Antioxidant Protection Indices in Periodontal Health, and Stage II, Stage III Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis, initiated by the subgingival biofilm and modified by the individual’s inflammatory/immune response, has been associated with vascular dysfunction. To analyze microcirculation indices in periodontal tissues and determine the activity of the enzymatic component of antioxidant defense and humoral immunity factors, a single-blind non-invasive clinical trial was realized. Forty subjects, aged from 30 to 65 years, with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (chronic generalized periodontitis, CGP) vs. 40 subjects as periodontally healthy were recruited. Information such as capillary diameter, capillary blood flow velocity, concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in serum, vascular endothelial growth factor, and enzymatic component of antioxidant protection were taken. The revealed microcirculatory dysfunctions in patients with CGP clearly demonstrate the progressive disorder of periodontal tissue perfusion and oxygenation, the presence of increased vascular permeability and functional failure of the microvascular system in the lesion. Cytokine profile of CGP patients’ blood serum demonstrated a significant increase of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-4 levels as well as statistically significant decrease of IL-1ra, IL-10 concentration. Participants with CGP demonstrated a dominant superiority of IgM and IgG levels. In conclusion, these results contribute to a better understanding of potential correlation between microvascular changes and local and systemic markers of inflammation.

Oral Health in Breast Cancer Women with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Machine Learning Study

“…Therefore, vitamin D’s positive effects in immune regulation might have not only a positive role in oral health management and bone health, but also in the downregulation of inflammatory mediators that promote tumor growth or risk of recurrence [ 61 , 62 ]. Concurrently, periodontitis and gingivitis have been related to increases in immune response and systemic inflammation [ 63 , 64 ].…”

Heterogeneity of Blood Vessels and Assessment of Microvessel Density-MVD in Gingivitis

“…Inflammation begins with vasodilation, increasing circulation, and increased vascularization into the area. The progressive disorder of affected gingiva perfusion and oxygenation, the presence of increased vascular permeability, and functional failure of the microvascular system are the main processes involved in disease progression [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Porphyromonas gingivalis and dental stem cells crosstalk amplify inflammation and bone loss in the periodontitis niche

“…Interaction of periodontal pathogens with PMN causes the release of proteinases and superoxides during respiratory bursts, leading to host tissue damage (Scott & Krauss, 2012). The infiltration of PMNs into gingival tissue enhances the production of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and so on, that contribute to aggressive periodontitis (Eldzharov et al, 2021; Liu et al, 2001; Sharawi et al, 2021). These cytokines are often reported to be elevated in gingival crevicular fluid and tissues of periodontitis patients (Aleksandrowicz et al, 2021; Eldzharov et al, 2021; Sharawi et al, 2021).…”

“…The infiltration of PMNs into gingival tissue enhances the production of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and so on, that contribute to aggressive periodontitis (Eldzharov et al, 2021; Liu et al, 2001; Sharawi et al, 2021). These cytokines are often reported to be elevated in gingival crevicular fluid and tissues of periodontitis patients (Aleksandrowicz et al, 2021; Eldzharov et al, 2021; Sharawi et al, 2021). Impaired PMN function is also associated with severe periodontal diseases.…”