Evaluation of salivary glucose, amylase, and total protein in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Indira, M.; Chandrashekar, Preeti; Kattappagari, Kiran Kumar; Chandra, Lalith Prakash; Chitturi, Ravi Teja; Bv, Ramana Reddy

doi:10.4103/0970-9290.162883

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The obtained data are consistent with the results obtained in children with type 1 diabetes [9,11–14,21] and adults with type 2 diabetes. [16,22] We found no significant differences in the salivary flow rate between D1 and D2 with regard to the level of metabolic control, similar to the data obtained in diabetic children. [11,14] Comparing D1 and D2 with regard to disease duration, no significant differences in salivary secretion were noticed, similar to children with type 1 diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…[15,19,20] Numerous salivary components have been studied in relation to DM, to its duration, and metabolic control. The following findings have been reported when diabetic patients were compared with the control group: lower pH, [16,21] higher [11–14,16] or lower total protein concentration, [20,22] higher glucose level, [12,13,16,20,22] higher [21,23] or lower calcium level, [13,16] higher sodium and potassium level, [16] higher phosphate and magnesium levels, [23] the same concentration of creatinine, [23] higher urea, [13] lower α-amylase, [16,22] higher [23–25] or the same [26] levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), higher [14,23] or the same level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), [26] higher level of salivary antioxidants, [9] higher salivary IgA, [12] the same level of salivary antimicrobial factors (except for salivary peroxidase), [18] and increased myeloperoxidase activity and IgA content. [15] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in diabetic patients

Malicka

Skośkiewicz−Malinowska

Kaczmarek

2016

Medicine

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases resulting from impaired insulin secretion and/or action. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia that can lead to the dysfunction or damage of organs, including the salivary glands.The aim of this study was to compare the levels of salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in diabetic patients.The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Wroclaw Medical University (Poland). The study comprised 90 adults of both sexes, aged 21 to 57 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups: type 1 diabetics (D1), type 2 diabetics (D2), and a healthy control group (C). Each group consisted of 30 age- and sex-matched subjects. Total protein (P, by Lowry method), LDH, AST, ALT (with Alpha Diagnostics kits), and salivary flow rate were measured in unstimulated mixed saliva. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured with DCA 2000 Reagent Kit. The obtained data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Spearman rank at a significance level of P < 0.05 with the use of STATISTICA 9.0 software.In comparison with C, D1 presented a significantly higher activity of LDH (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), and ALT (P < 0.01), whereas D2 indicated higher levels of LDH (P < 0.001) and ALT (P < 0.05) compared with C. Comparing D1 to D2, approximately 3-fold higher activity of AST (P < 0.01) and approximately 4.5-fold higher activity of ALT (P < 0.01) was observed.Higher levels of salivary LDH, AST, and ALT in D1 compared with D2 and C confirm that salivary glands of D1 might be attributed to autoimmunological damage associated with the pathomechanism of DM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in diabetic patients

Malicka

Skośkiewicz−Malinowska

Kaczmarek

2016

Medicine

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“…The studies were published from 1996 to 2017. Two studies were reported in Turkey,[ 14 15 ] one in Pakistan,[ 16 ] three in Iran,[ 3 17 18 ] thirteen in India,[ 4 6 9 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ] one in Brazil,[ 29 ] two in Nigeria,[ 30 31 ] one in Egypt,[ 5 ] one in Poland,[ 32 ] and one in China. [ 33 ] There were 1432 and 900 diabetic patients and healthy controls in all studies, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean age and percentage of the males in both groups are shown in Table 1 . Nine studies measured the salivary profile of patients and controls in non-fasting condition (<2 h)[ 8 14 19 21 22 24 26 29 32 ] and 16 studies in fasting (8–12 h) condition. [ 3 4 5 6 9 15 16 17 20 23 25 27 28 30 31 33 ] Three studies reported SE,[ 15 17 27 ] one study reported median/range,[ 19 ] one study reported two means/SDs,[ 16 ] and a few studies reported different units, which were changed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

2018

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Background:Saliva is a fluid with the complex compound which can be used as diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This meta-analysis evaluated salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), total protein, and amylase levels in adult T2D compared with the controls as well as the correlation of salivary glucose levels with serum glucose and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in both groups.Materials and Methods:Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2017. A random-effects analysis was performed using the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals. The search terms were “T2D, IgA, amylase, total protein, or glucose” combination with “saliva.” The studied variables were the sample size, the percentage of male, the mean age, the condition of saliva sampling, and the salivary levels of mentioned factors.Results:A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with 1432 and 900 diabetic patients and healthy controls, respectively. MD of salivary glucose level in patients with T2D, compared with the healthy controls, in fasting and nonfasting conditions were 6.23 mg/dL (P = 0.0002) and 6.70 mg/dL (P < 0.00001), respectively. Furthermore, the fasting salivary total protein in the patients was significantly higher than the controls (MD = 167.96 mg/dL; P = 0.03). Non-fasting salivary amylase and secretory IgA levels were significantly lower in the patients (MD = −48.61 IU/mL; P < 0.00001) than in the controls (MD = −9.42 IU/mL; P = 0.0006), respectively. The pooled estimate showed a significant correlation between salivary and serum glucose in the patients (r = 0.765; P < 0.001) and the controls (r = 0.646; P < 0.001) and between salivary glucose and serum glycated hemoglobin in the patients (r = 0.721; P < 0.001).Conclusion:Measurement of these salivary factors can be helpful for diagnostic and monitoring purposes of T2D. In addition, salivary glucose as a diagnostic tool can evaluate serum glucose and HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients.

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“…After a 12 h fast animals were orally gavaged with 2g/kg body weight of glucose dissolved in water. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min for measurement of FBG levels by the glucose oxidase method [ 28 ]. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice were fasted for 12 h and blood collected from the orbital venous plexus and plasma separated by centrifugation at 3500g for 15 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Berberine Attenuates Development of the Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Type 2 Diabetic Mice and in Palmitate-Incubated HepG2 Cells through Suppression of the HNF-4α miR122 Pathway

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Berberine (BBR) has been shown to exhibit protective effects against diabetes and dyslipidemia. Previous studies have indicated that BBR modulates lipid metabolism and inhibits hepatic gluconeogensis by decreasing expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4α (HNF-4α). However, the mechanism involved in this process was unknown. In the current study, we examined the mechanism of how BBR attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis and the lipid metabolism alterations observed in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice and in palmitate (PA)-incubated HepG2 cells. Treatment with BBR for 4 weeks improve all biochemical parameters compared to T2D mice. Treatment of T2D mice for 4 weeks or treatment of PA-incubated HepG2 cells for 24 h with BBR decreased expression of HNF-4α and the microRNA miR122, the key gluconeogenesis enzymes Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the key lipid metabolism proteins Sterol response element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), Fatty acid synthase-1 (FAS-1) and Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCα) and increased Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1(CPT-1) compared to T2D mice or PA-incubated HepG2 cells. Expression of HNF-4α in HepG2 cells increased expression of gluconeogenic and lipid metabolism enzymes and BBR treatment or knock down of miR122 attenuated the effect of HNF-4α expression. In contrast, BBR treatment did not alter expression of gluconeogenic and lipid metabolism enzymes in HepG2 cells with knockdown of HNF-4α. In addition, miR122 mimic increased expression of gluconeogenic and lipid metabolism enzymes in HepG2 cells with knockdown of HNF-4α. These data indicate that miR122 is a critical regulator in the downstream pathway of HNF-4α in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. The effect of BBR on hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism is mediated through HNF-4α and is regulated downstream of miR122. Our data provide new evidence to support HNF-4α and miR122 regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of T2D.

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Evaluation of salivary glucose, amylase, and total protein in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Abstract: These results suggest that diabetes influences the composition of saliva. Since a significant correlation was not observed between salivary and blood glucose levels, further research is needed to determine salivary glucose estimation as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus.

Cited by 29 publications

References 24 publications

Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in diabetic patients

Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in diabetic patients

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies

Berberine Attenuates Development of the Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Type 2 Diabetic Mice and in Palmitate-Incubated HepG2 Cells through Suppression of the HNF-4α miR122 Pathway

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