Evaluation of sn-2 fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

Sun, Cong; Wei, Wei; Su, Hang; Zou, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Xingguo

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.005

Cited by 82 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similar to other studies, the relative proportion of SFA at the sn-2 position increased considerably from C10 : 0 to C16 : 0, and the sn-2 positional preference was found for C14 : 0, C15 : 0 and C16 : 0, while other SFA were primarily distributed at the sn-1,3 positions (7,8,11) . The carbon chain length may be a discriminating factor in distribution of SFA.…”

Section: Sfasupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Increasing numbers of studies have suggested that NA supercharges muscle and brain by forming myelin. The sn-2 positional selectivity of NA was also found in several human milk studies (10,11) , but only one study reported the accurate percentage as 63•77 % from 10 Wuxi MM (11) . The level of NA found in our study significantly decreased by approximately 50 % from CM (0•32 %) to TM (0•11 %) and from TM to MM (0•06 %).…”

Section: Mufamentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Recent studies have also suggested that nervonic acid (NA, C24 : 1n-9) functions crucially in cognition development (6) . The positional distribution patterns of NA and LC-PUFA related to brain development were less investigated, and most available data (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) reported the sn-2 fatty acid composition as a percentage of total sn-2 fatty acid without consideration of the total percentage of each fatty acid as recommended (7,9) . Phospholipids (PL) contribute 0•2-2•0 % of total human milk lipids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

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Section: Sfasupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Mufamentioning

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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“…Determining the position of FA in the TAG (sn-1, sn-2 or sn-3) is more challenging. Two protocols are commonly employed to achieve it, both based on the partial hydrolysis of TAG to cleave FA at sn-1 and sn-3 with Grignard reagent [90] or pancreatic lipase [91], being the last one, the method approved by the AOCS [92]. It is followed by MAG TLC isolation and lastly the GC determination of the FA that was at the sn-2 position after transesterification of the MAG-sn-2-FA.…”

Section: Determination Of Fa Position In the Tagmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipids and Fatty Acids in Human Milk: Benefits and Analysis

Visentainer¹,

Santos²,

Maldaner³

et al. 2018

Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids

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Human milk is related to the physiological and nutritional welfare of newborns, providing the necessary dietary energy, physiologically active compounds and essential nutrients for breastfed babies. Human milk fat has an important position as energy source, structural and regulatory functions, being one of the most important components of breast milk. It provides approximately 50-60% of the energy of the human milk, and its composition in fatty acids defines its nutritional and physico-chemical properties. Furthermore, human milk contains the longchain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (LCPUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is important for appropriate development of baby's organs, tissues and nervous system. This chapter will address the benefits associated with the consumption of human milk (health, nutritional, immunological and developmental benefits) as well as the analysis applied to determine the lipid quality of this powerful food.

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“…Many clinical studies and investigations have shown that OPO is beneficial to the absorption of lipids and energy and the reduction of fecal calcium loss, as well as improvement of constipation, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction for infants and toddlers (Jiménez et al, 2010;Li et al, 2010). Furthermore, it is well documented that OPO enhances bone strength and improves the maturity of the intestines and stomach (Sun, Wei, Su, Zou, & Wang, 2018). However, the exact mechanisms underlying the health benefits of dietary OPO are not fully defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 1, 3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol and its plant-oil formula on the toddler fecal microbiota during in vitro fermentation

Hou

Xiao

2019

CyTA - Journal of Food

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1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO), an important structured triacylglycerol, is generally supplemented into infant and toddler formulas as a nutrient fortifier. However, its role on fecal microbiota has not received attention in the last decades. In this study, anaerobic fermentation in vitro and high-throughput sequencing were conducted to investigate effects of standard OPO alone (OPO-A) and OPO-enriched plant-oil formula (OPO-P) on toddler fecal microbiota. The results showed OPO could be efficiently utilized by toddler fecal microbiota. OPO supplementation enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid by microbiota. Furthermore, OPO promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium whereas inhibited the growth of Enterobacter at different fermentation time when compared with the control group. Besides, OPO supplementation enhanced bacterial diversity. Thus, this study indicated that OPO could modulate the fecal microbiota. The results provided useful information for further exploring the physiological role of OPO on colon, and provided new ideas for application of OPO. Efectos del 1, 3-dioleoil-2-palmitoilglicerol y su fórmula de aceite vegetal en la microbiota fecal del niño pequeño durante la fermentación in vitro RESUMEN Generalmente, en fórmulas destinadas a lactantes y niños pequeños el 1,3-dioleoil-2-palmitoilglicerol (OPO), un importante triacilglicerol estructurado, se complementa como un enriquecedor de nutrientes. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas no se ha dado atención al papel que desempeña en la microbiota fecal. En el presente estudio, se emplearon la fermentación anaeróbica in vitro y la secuenciación de alto rendimiento para investigar los efectos del OPO estándar solo (OPO-A) y la fórmula de aceite vegetal enriquecido con OPO (OPO-P) en la microbiota fecal de niños pequeños. Los resultados mostraron que el OPO podía ser utilizado eficientemente por ésta. La suplementación con OPO mejoró la producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta y de ácido láctico por la microbiota fecal. Además, en comparación con el grupo de control, el OPO promovió el crecimiento de Bifidobacterium al tiempo que inhibió el crecimiento de Enterobacter en diferentes tiempos de fermentación. Asimismo, se comprobó que la suplementación con OPO mejora la diversidad bacteriana. Por lo tanto, este estudio constató que OPO puede modular la microbiota fecal. Los resultados proporcionaron información útil para explorar más a fondo el papel fisiológico de OPO en el colon y aportaron nuevas ideas para su aplicación. ABBREVIATIONS OPO: 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol; PA: palmitic acid; OA: oleic acid; HMF: human milk fat; OPO-A: only standard OPO alone supplemented in basal microbiota culture medium; OPO-P: OPO-enriched plant-oil formula(a nutritional supplement of infant and toddler formulas in China) supplemented in basal microbiota culture medium; Control: no OPO added in the basal microbiota culture medium; ORI: original fecal microbiota; OTUs: operational taxonomic units; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectr...

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Evaluation of sn-2 fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

Cited by 82 publications

References 39 publications

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Lipids and Fatty Acids in Human Milk: Benefits and Analysis

Effects of 1, 3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol and its plant-oil formula on the toddler fecal microbiota during in vitro fermentation

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