Evaluation of the Effects of Atorvastatin and Ischemic Postconditioning Preventing on the Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury: Experimental Study in Rats

Abstract

IntroductionReperfusion injury leads to systemic morphological and functional pathological alterations. Some techniques are already estabilished to attenuate the damage induced by reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning is one of the standard procedures. In the last 20 years, several experimental trials demonstrated that the ischemic postconditioning presents similar effectiveness. Recently experimental trials demonstrated that statins could be used as pharmacological preconditioning.Methods41 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were distributed in 5 groups: Ischemia and Reperfusion (A), Ischemic Postconditioning (B), Statin (C), Ischemic Postconditioning + Statins (D) and SHAM (E). After euthanasia, lungs, liver, kidneys and ileum were resected and submitted to histopathological analysis.ResultsThe average of lung parenchymal injury was A=3.6, B=1.6, C=1.2, D=1.2, E=1 (P=0.0029). The average of liver parenchymal injury was A=3, B=1.5, C=1.2, D=1.2, E = 0 (P<0.0001). The average of renal parenchymal injury was A=4, B=2.44, C=1.22, D=1.11, E=1 (P<0.0001). The average of intestinal parenchymal injury was A=2, B=0.66, C=0, D=0, E=0 (P=0.0006). The results were submitted to statistics applying Kruskal-Wallis test, estabilishing level of significance P<0.05.ConclusionGroups submitted to ischemic postconditioning, to pre-treatment with statins and both methods associated demonstrated less remote reperfusion injuries, compared to the group submitted to ischemia and reperfusion without protection.

Remifentanil up‐regulates HIF1α expression to ameliorate hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury via the ZEB1/LIF axis

“…In recent years, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play important roles to relieve hepatic I/R injury 6‐8 . In animal experiments, ischaemic pre‐conditioning and low‐temperature reperfusion alleviated hepatic I/R injury, but these preclinical findings are not yet translatable to clinical procedures 9,10 . Currently, there are few effective therapeutic strategies for protecting against I/R‐induced hepatic injury 2 …”

Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin B2 pretreatment on oxidative stress and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis after renal ischemia reperfusion in mice

“…At present, studies on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury mainly focus on Ca 2+ overload, cell apoptosis, activation of inflammatory response mechanism, oxygen free radical increase and other areas related to oxidative stress and immune response [19][20][21] . At present, in addition to shortening the time of ischemia reperfusion and local low temperature ice compress, studies on protective measures against renal ischemia reperfusion injury also include: ischemic preconditioning, ischemic postconditioning, stem cell transplantation, and new drug therapy [22][23][24][25] . However, recent studies by Arantes et al 26 showed that both ischemic preconditioning and post-ischemic treatment, whether alone or in combination, could not contribute to the protection of renal function and could not play a protective role in tubular cell injury after acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.…”

Novel Targets for Treating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Liver

“…De Almeida et al illuminated that hepatic preconditioning ameliorated liver IRI by reducing lipid peroxidation [ 15 ]. In addition, hypothermic preconditioning, remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), and pharmacological pretreatment with statins are a benefit to IRI [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Although ischemic preconditioning protects organs against IRI, the ischemic preconditioning time is very critical.…”

“…In the stage of reperfusion, ischemic postconditioning can also be used to ameliorate IRI [ 21 ]. Ischemic postconditioning alone or ischemic postconditioning combined with statin pretreatment could ameliorate reperfusion injuries [ 16 , 22 ]. However, application of ischemic postconditioning in tissue protection is also restricted due to the diversity in tissues’ physiological requirements [ 23 ].…”