Evaporative losses of fine particulate nitrates during sampling

Zhang, Xinqiu; McMurry, Peter H.

doi:10.1016/0960-1686(92)90347-n

Cited by 147 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Furthermore, it has been well documented that ammonium nitrate volatilization from a Teflon substrate is greater during the warmer summer season as opposed to cooler winter conditions. [36][37][38][39][40] Nitrate volatilization as high as 90% in the summer and as low as 10% in the winter has been reported. However, even though more nitrate is retained on a fractional basis in the winter months, on an absolute basis the nitrate loss during the winter may be greater than summer.…”

Section: Comparison Of Reconstructed To Measured Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Malm

Schichtel

Pitchford

2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

126

108

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Section: Comparison Of Reconstructed To Measured Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Malm

Schichtel

Pitchford

2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

126

108

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“…Their absence from lower stages may be due not only to a lower abundance in sub-micrometer atmospheric particles but also to evaporative losses (Zhang and McMurry 1992) in the low-pressure impactor (pressure decrease with decreasing stage number and cut-off diameter). The enhanced prevalence of signals related to calcium and sodium salts on stages 10-8 (minor signals of sodium sulfate on stage 7, no calcium-or sodium-related signals detected at lower stages) confirms that the abundance of these elements in rural air particulate matter is dominated by micrometer-sized dust particles or aged sea-salt particles (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998;Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts 1999).…”

Section: Raman Spectra Of Inorganic Compounds In Elpi Samples Of Air mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Size-Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Samples Collected with an ELPI: Soot, Humic-Like Substances, and Inorganic Compounds

Ivleva

McKeon

Nießner

et al. 2007

Aerosol Science and Technology

133

151

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Raman microspectroscopy and mapping have been applied for the analysis of soot, humic-like substances (HULIS) and inorganic compounds in size resolved samples of air particulate matter collected with an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Using several reference materials, we found that spectral parameters determined by curve fitting with five bands (G, D1-D4) enable a discrimination of soot and HULIS and provide information about the relative abundance and structural order of graphite-like carbon. In particular, the D1 band width exhibited a near-linear negative correlation with the ratio of apparent elemental carbon to total carbon in different types of soot.The ELPI samples of sub-micrometer atmospheric particles exhibited essentially the same Raman spectra and parameters as standard diesel soot. In winter samples this was also the case for larger particles with aerodynamic diameters up to 4 μm. Spring and autumn samples, however, exhibited increased D1 band widths and D3 band intensities, indicating a high prevalence of HULIS in the size range of 2-4 μm. In addition, various nitrates and sulfates (mostly NaNO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ; some NH 4 NO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Na 2 SO 4 , and CaSO 4 ) and small amounts of CaCO 3 were detected. Different single-and multi-component spectra indicated the presence of externally and internally mixed particles. The relative abundance of different chemical components in different particle size ranges was quantified in mapping experiments (0-55% NaNO 3 , 1-15% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 10-45% soot/HULIS, 30-60% highly fluorescent organics). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that Raman microspectroscopy and mapping can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the composition of ELPI aerosol samples.

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“…Several studies have reported small discrepancies in the measurement of nitrate with cascade impactors and filter-based samplers in California. Zhang and McMurry (1992) reported that a cascade impactor measures from 10% to 20% less nitrate than a denuded filter-based sampler. Wall et al (1988) also reported an under-sampling of nitrate in a cascade impactor for a study done in Claremont, CA.…”

Section: Pm Composition Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite

Cabada

Rees

Takahama

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

165

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Size-resolved aerosol mass and chemical composition were measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. Daily samples were collected for 12 months from July 2001 to June 2002. Micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs) were used to collect aerosol samples of fine particulate matter smaller than 10 mm. Measurements of PM 0.056 , PM 0.10 , PM 0.18 , PM 0.32 , PM 0.56 , PM 1.0 , PM 1.8 and PM 2.5 with the MOUDI are available for the full study period. Seasonal variations in the concentrations are observed for all size cuts. Higher concentrations are observed during the summer and lower during the winter.Comparison between the PM 2.5 measurements by the MOUDI and other integrated PM samplers reveals good agreement. Good correlation is observed for PM 10 between the MOUDI and an integrated sampler but the MOUDI underestimates PM 10 by 20%. Bouncing of particles from higher stages of the MOUDI (>PM 2.5 ) is not a major problem because of the low concentrations of coarse particles in the area. The main cause of coarse particle losses appears to be losses to the wall of the MOUDI.Samples were collected on aluminum foils for analysis of carbonaceous material and on Teflon filters for analysis of particle mass and inorganic anions and cations. Daily samples were analyzed during the summer (July 2001) and the winter intensives (January 2002). During the summer around 50% of the organic material is lost from the aluminum foils as compared to a filter-based sampler. These losses are due to volatilization and bounce-off from the MOUDI stages. High nitrate losses from the MOUDI are also observed during the summer (above 70%). Good agreement between the gravimetrically determined mass and the sum of the masses of the individual compounds is obtained, if the lost mass from organics and the aerosol water content are included for the summer. For the winter no significant losses of material are detected and there exists reasonable agreement between the gravimetrical mass and the sum of the concentrations of the individual compounds.Ultrafine particles (below 100 nm) account on average, for o 5% of the PM 2.5 mass, and show different composition for the summer and the winter. During the summer the ultrafine mass is 50% carbonaceous material (organic material and elemental carbon) and 50% inorganic (mainly sulfate and ammonium); during the winter these percentages are 70% and 30%, respectively.

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Evaporative losses of fine particulate nitrates during sampling

Cited by 147 publications

References 12 publications

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Size-Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Samples Collected with an ELPI: Soot, Humic-Like Substances, and Inorganic Compounds

Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite

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Evaporative losses of fine particulate nitrates during sampling

Cited by 147 publications

References 12 publications

Uncertainties in PM2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Uncertainties in PM2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Size-Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Samples Collected with an ELPI: Soot, Humic-Like Substances, and Inorganic Compounds

Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them