Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds

Alonso, Carmen; Goede, Dane; Morrison, Robert B.; Davies, Peter; Rovira, Albert; Marthaler, Douglas; Torremorell, Montserrat

doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0073-z

Cited by 152 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Selected positive samples were submitted to the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany, for confirmation and further virus characterization. At this institution, 2 fecal samples with high genome load, as determined by 2 independent, published ( 8 , 9 ) reverse transcription quantitative PCRs selective for PEDV nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) genes, were chosen for routine virologic testing and next-generation sequencing. Sequencing and data analyses were performed as previously described ( 10 ).…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014

Hanke

Jenckel

Petrov

et al. 2015

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

121

117

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Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014

Hanke

Jenckel

Petrov

et al. 2015

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

121

117

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“…Following detection in the US swine population during May, 2013 the virus spread rapidly across the country [2]. Initial risk factors proposed for the spread of PEDV between herds included infected pigs, contaminated transport and aerosols [3–5]. PEDV infection of nursery swine results in reduced performance and fecal shedding for out to 24 day post-infection (DPI) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus survival in individual feed ingredients in the presence or absence of a liquid antimicrobial

et al. 2015

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BackgroundContaminated complete feed and porcine plasma are risk factors for PEDV introduction to farms and a liquid antimicrobial has been proven useful for reducing risk. This study provides information on the survivability of PEDV across common swine feed ingredients in the presence or absence of the liquid antimicrobial.ResultsEighteen ingredients commonly included in commercial swine diets were selected, including 3 grain sources (corn, soybean meal (SBM), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)), 5 porcine by-products (spray-dried plasma, purified plasma, intestinal mucosa, meat and bone meal and red blood cells (RBCs)), 3 vitamin/trace mineral (VTM) mixes (sow, nursery, finishing), 2 fat sources (choice white grease and soy oil), 3 synthetic amino acids (lysine HCL, D/L methionine, threonine), as well as limestone and dry choline chloride. Complete feed and stock PEDV served as controls. Thirty grams of each ingredient were inoculated with 2 mL PEDV. A matched set of samples were treated with the formaldehyde-based liquid antimicrobial SalCURB® (LA). All samples (n = 320) were stored outdoors under winter time ambient conditions for 30 days. Samples were submitted on 1, 7, 14 and 30 days post-inoculation (DPI) and tested by PCR and virus isolation (VI). All VI-negative samples were tested by swine bioassay. Viable PEDV was detected by VI or swine bioassay at 1, 7, 14 and 30 DPI from SBM, DDGS, meat & bone meal, RBCs, lysine HCL, D/L methionine, choice white grease, choline chloride, complete feed and stock virus control and at 7 DPI in limestone and at 14 DPI in threonine. Supplementary testing of complete feed and SBM indicated viable virus out to 45 and 180 DPI, respectively. All other samples were negative by VI and bioassay. In contrast, treatment with LA inactivated PEDV across all ingredients on 1 DPI and induced RNA reduction over time.ConclusionsUnder the conditions of this study, PEDV viability in feed was influenced by ingredient with extended survival in SBM. Furthermore, LA treatment rendered virus inactive, independent of ingredient type.

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“…Oral fluid samples, nasal swabs, serum samples and fecal swabs were tested for quantitative PRRSV, IAV and PEDV RT-PCRs as previously described (Alonso et al 2014; Cho et al 2006; Slomka et al 2010). After incubation, S. aureus colonies on the agar plates were counted as previously described (Andersen 1958; Butera et al 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fourth pig was kept as a negative control. Each pig was intragastrically inoculated as previously described (Alonso et al 2014) with 2 mL of the pooled air samples diluted 1:10 with PBS to obtain a total of 20 mL of inoculation material per pig. All pigs were euthanized 4 days post-inoculation by injection of 2 mL of pentobarbital (Fatal-Plus ® , 100 mg/kg IV) into the external jugular vein.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an electrostatic particle ionization technology for decreasing airborne pathogens in pigs

et al. 2015

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Influenza A virus (IAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Staphylococcus aureus are important swine pathogens capable of being transmitted via aerosols. The electrostatic particle ionization system (EPI) consists of a conductive line that emits negative ions that charge particles electrically resulting in the settling of airborne particles onto surfaces and potentially decreasing the risk of pathogen dissemination. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of the EPI system on the quantity and viability of IAV, PRRSV, PEDV and S. aureus in experimentally generated aerosols and in aerosols generated by infected animals. Efficiency at removing airborne particles was evaluated as a function of particle size (ranging from 0.4 to 10 µm), distance from the source of ions (1, 2 and 3 m) and relative air humidity (RH 30 vs. 70 %). Aerosols were sampled with the EPI system “off” and “on.” Removal efficiency was significantly greater for all pathogens when the EPI line was the closest to the source of aerosols. There was a greater reduction for larger particles ranging between 3.3 and 9 µm, which varied by pathogen. Overall airborne pathogen reduction ranged between 0.5 and 1.9 logs. Viable pathogens were detected with the EPI system “on,” but there was a trend to reducing the quantity of viable PRRSV and IAV. There was not a significant effect on the pathogens removal efficiency based on the RH conditions tested. In summary, distance to the source of ions, type of pathogen and particle size influenced the removal efficiency of the EPI system. The reduction in infectious agents in the air by the EPI technology could potentially decrease the microbial exposure for pigs and people in confinement livestock facilities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10453-015-9413-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds

Cited by 152 publications

References 10 publications

Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014

Comparison of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses from Germany and the United States, 2014

An evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus survival in individual feed ingredients in the presence or absence of a liquid antimicrobial

Evaluation of an electrostatic particle ionization technology for decreasing airborne pathogens in pigs

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