Evolution and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus in China

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is considered one of the most important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals, causing severe economic losses in affected regions of the world. Three serotypes (A, O, and Asia 1) of FMDV have been identified in China since 1958. In addition, the occurrence of novel subtypes within these serotypes has made the epidemiology of FMDV more complicated over the last few years. In this review, we summarize the history and the current epidemiological situation in China, genetic diversity (e.g., quasispecies dynamics, antigenic heterogeneity, and functional constraints), intertypic recombination, and the evidence for positive selection of different FMDV serotypes. We also assess these genetic data to understand the origin, evolution, and transmission of FMDV, the findings of which may be useful in developing control measures for future epidemics. foot-and-mouth disease virus, phylogenetic analysis, recombination, positive selection Citation:Bai In China, 3 of the 7 serotypes of FMDV (A, O, and Asia 1) have been isolated and characterized. Here, we retrieved all the nucleotide sequences of FMDVs isolated from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (no data available for Macau) from the NCBI/GenBank database to understand the evolution and molecular epidemiology of FMDV. These genetic data were collected with the aim of (i) reviewing the history of FMD outbreaks; (ii) describing the current situation of FMD epidemics and their effective control; (iii) determining the genomic regions corresponding to important biological functions; and (iv) conducting phylogenetic analysis to detect potential recombination and selection events.

Toxicity Assessment of Cadinene Sesquiterpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum in Mice

“…Biochemistry Analyzer AU640 and Microscope BX50 were from Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., total bilirubin (TB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China. DAOA, OA and ODA were isolated from E. adenophorum leaves, and purified (98 % purity) by the HPLC by our group [ 26 ]. Male and Female Kunming mice (SPF level), weighing from 20 to 24 g were obtained from Central Pharmacy (Experimental Animal Center of Shandong University, China).…”

“…The main differences between DAOA and OA on molecular structure are the 2-acetoxy and 2-carbonyl groups, distinguishing feature between ODA and OA is the presence or absence of an unsaturation 6–11 bond in conjugation with a 7-oxo function. Our previous studies have reported the extraction and separation methods of sesquiterpenes, and demonstrated that DAOA, OA and ODA were mainly distributed in Ea leaves with 0.63–1.99 % of mass percentage in dry leaves [ 26 ]. If these sesquiterpenes could find application in biology medical or biopesticides fields, Ea will have greater development value.…”

Improved neutralising antibody response against foot-and-mouth-disease virus in mice inoculated with a multi-epitope peptide vaccine using polyinosinic and poly-cytidylic acid as an adjuvant

“…This peptide immunogen induced neutralising antibodies in mice against FMDV O/Mya/98, the strain responsible for the prevalence of FMD in Mainland China in 2010, as well as antibodies against the O/HN/93 vaccine strain. These two isolates belong to the Southeast Asia and Cathay topotypes of type-O FMDV (Bai et al, 2011). The results of the present study indicated that current approach is effective for these two topotypes of O-type FMDV; however, it is still necessary to evaluate the effectiveness on a wider range of O-type FMDVs.…”

Spatial pattern of foot-and-mouth disease in animals in China, 2010–2016

“…In China, FMD was first reported in 1958 ( Bai et al, 2011 ). In that same year, serotypes O and A isolates were collected from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ( Bai et al, 2009 ; Li et al, 2007 ) and serotype Asia 1 isolate was collected from Yunnan province ( Du et al, 2007 ).…”