Evolution in eruptive style of the 2018 eruption of Veniaminof volcano, Alaska, reflected in groundmass textures and remote sensing

Loewen, Matthew W.; Dietterich, H. R.; Graham, N. A.; Izbekov, Pavel

doi:10.1007/s00445-021-01489-6

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It was not possible to determine the thickness of historically emplaced lava flows at cone A, except for the 2018 lavas where DEM's were used to estimate flow thickness (Loewen et al 2021). Observations and photographs of historical lava flows indicate that all flows are at least 1 m thick but likely thicker along flow margins, in levees, and where flows overran previously emplaced flows.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observations and photographs of historical lava flows indicate that all flows are at least 1 m thick but likely thicker along flow margins, in levees, and where flows overran previously emplaced flows. To date, the DEM-based analysis of lava flow thickness by Loewen et al (2021) is the best estimate of lava thickness variation for the types of lavas Welch et al 2007) emplaced at cone A, given the similarity in eruptive style of the events described here. The 2018 lava flows ranged in thickness from <3 m to as much as 15 m with an overall average thickness of about 9 m +/-50% (Loewen et al 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miller USGS unpublished data). The lava flows erupted in 2018 were basaltic andesite in composition (54 ± 0.7 wt.% SiO 2 ; Loewen et al 2021).…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occasional stronger bursts of activity have generated higher rising plumes, such as during the 1939 and 1956 eruptions when ash plumes rose to an estimated 6.1 km above sea level (Miller et al 1998), and during the 1983-84 eruption when the largest ash plume reached a height of 8 km above sea level (Yount et al 1985). During the 2018 eruption, an ash cloud reach a height of about 4.5 km above sea level on November 21, 2018 (Loewen et al 2021;Waythomas et al 2022).…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lava-ice interactions during historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska and the potential for meltwater floods and lahars

et al. 2022

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Veniaminof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska is one of a small group of ice-clad volcanoes globally that erupts lava flows in the presence of glacier ice. Here, we describe the nature of lava-ice-snow interactions that have occurred during historical eruptions of the volcano since 1944. Lava flows with total volumes on the order of 0.006 km3 have been erupted in 1983–1984, 1993–1994, 2013, and 2018. Smaller amounts of lava (1 × 10−4 km3 or less) were generated during eruptions in 1944 and 2021. All known historical eruptions have occurred at a 300-m-high cinder cone (informally named cone A) within the 8 × 10-km-diameter ice-filled caldera that characterizes Veniaminof Volcano. Supraglacial lava flows erupted at cone A, resulted in minor amounts of melting and did not lead to any significant outflows of water in nearby drainages. Subglacial effusion of lava in 1983–1984, 2021 and possibly in 1944 and 1993–1994 resulted in more significant melting including a partially water-filled melt pit, about 0.8 km2 in area, that developed during the 1983–1984 eruption. The 1983–1984 event created an impression that meltwater floods from Mount Veniaminof’s ice-filled caldera could be significant and hazardous given the large amount of glacier ice resident within the caldera (ice volume about 8 km3). To date, no evidence supporting catastrophic outflow of meltwater from lava-ice interactions at cone A has been found. Analysis of imagery from the 1983–1984 eruption shows that the initial phase erupted englacial lavas that melted ice/snow/firn from below, producing surface subsidence outward from the cone with no discernable surface connection to the summit vent on cone A. This also happened during the 2021 eruption, and possibly during the 1993–1994 eruption although meltwater lakes did not form during these events. Thus, historical eruptions at Veniaminof Volcano appear to have two different modes of effusive eruptive behavior, where lava reaches the ice subglacially from flank vents, or where lava flows are erupted subaerially from vents near the summit of cone A and flow down the cone on to the ice surface. When placed in the context of global lava-ice eruptions, in cases where lava flows melt the ice from the surface downward, the main hazards are from localized phreatic explosions as opposed to potential flood/lahar hazards. However, when lava effusion/emplacement occurs beneath the ice surface, melting is more rapid and can produce lakes whose drainage could plausibly produce localized floods and lahars.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miller USGS unpublished data). The lava flows erupted in 2018 were basaltic andesite in composition (54 ± 0.7 wt.% SiO 2 ; Loewen et al 2021).…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lava-ice interactions during historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska and the potential for meltwater floods and lahars

et al. 2022

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“…Two lava samples collected in 1973-1974 contained 53.8 and 55.4 % SiO 2 . Several samples of the lava flows erupted in 2018 contained 53.5-54.5 % SiO 2 [Loewen et al 2021] indicating that eruptive products produced by cone A are basaltic to basaltic andesite in composition.…”

Section: Veniaminof Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous effusive and explosive cinder cone eruptions at Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska

Waythomas

2021

Volcanica

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Historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska have all occurred at a 300-m-high cinder cone within the icefilled caldera that characterizes the volcano. At least six of nineteen historical eruptions involved simultaneous explosive and effusive activity from separate vents. Eruptions in 1944, 1983–1984, 1993–1994, 2013, 2018 and 2021 included periods of explosive ash-producing Strombolian activity from summit vents and simultaneous nonexplosive effusion of lava from flank vents on either the southern or northeast sides of the cone. A T-junction conduit network is proposed to explain the simultaneous eruptive styles and as a mechanism for gas-magma segregation that must occur to produce the observed activity. Historical eruptions with simultaneous summit and flank activity produced slightly higher rising ash clouds compared to historical eruptions where simultaneous activity did not occur. This could be a consequence of the partitioning of more gas-charged magma into the vertical conduit of a T-junction conduit system.

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Field deployment of a man-portable stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectrometer: A preliminary report on the expedition to the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Spain, 2021)

Palanco

Pérez‐López

Galindo-Jiménez

et al. 2022

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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Evolution in eruptive style of the 2018 eruption of Veniaminof volcano, Alaska, reflected in groundmass textures and remote sensing

Cited by 7 publications

References 69 publications

Lava-ice interactions during historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska and the potential for meltwater floods and lahars

Lava-ice interactions during historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska and the potential for meltwater floods and lahars

Simultaneous effusive and explosive cinder cone eruptions at Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska

Field deployment of a man-portable stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectrometer: A preliminary report on the expedition to the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Spain, 2021)

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