Examining DSM criteria for trichotillomania in a dimensional framework: implications for DSM-5 and diagnostic practice

Abstract

Background Diagnosis of Trichotillomania (TTM) requires meeting several criteria that aim to embody the core pathology of the disorder. These criteria are traditionally interpreted monothetically, in that they are all equally necessary for diagnosis. Alternatively, a dimensional conceptualization of psychopathology allows for examination of the relatedness of each criterion to the TTM latent continuum. Objectives First, to examine the ability of recently removed criteria (B and C) to identify the latent dimensions of TTM psychopathology, such that they discriminate between individuals with low and high degrees of hair pulling severity. Second, to determine the impact of removing criteria B and C on the information content of remaining diagnostic criteria. Third, to determine the psychometric properties of remaining TTM diagnostic criteria that remain largely unchanged in DSM-5; that is, whether they measure distinct or overlapping levels of TTM psychopathology. Fourth, to determine whether information content derived from diagnostic criteria aid in the prediction of disease trajectory (i.e., can relapse propensity be predicted from criteria endorsement patterns). Method Statistics derived from Item Response Theory were used to examine diagnostic criteria endorsement in 91 adults with TTM who underwent psychotherapy. Results The removal of two criteria in DSM-5 and psychometric validity of remaining criteria was supported. Additionally, individual trait parameters were used to predict treatment progress, uncovering predictive power where none previously existed. Conclusions Diagnostic criteria for TTM should be examined in dimensional models, which allow for nuanced and sensitive measurement of core symptomology in treatment contexts.

Abnormal perceptual sensitivity in body-focused repetitive behaviors

“…No psychometric data are available on the HDI, but the interview was constructed based on the Trichotillomania Diagnostic Interview (TDI) [39], which has been used extensively as a Trichotillomania diagnostic instrument. Evidence indicates that the diagnostic criteria assessed with the TDI have strong sensitivity and ability to identify symptoms that distinguish symptoms of clinical psychopathology along the TTM latent dimension [40], hence the TDI likely possesses strong criterion validity.…”

Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Psychotherapeutic Processes in Japanese Children

“…In the DSM-5, trichotillomania is classified as a disorder related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. The diagnosis of trichotillomania considers the presence or absence of hair pulling, the extent of hair loss, and subsequent functional impairment, such as withdrawing from social outings due to worries over the hair's appearance, while ruling out alternative causes such as autoimmune disease, an atopic predisposition, or type 1 diabetes [24]. The empirical evidence regarding the magnitude of gender differences for trichotillomania is mixed.…”

Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Psychotherapeutic Processes in Japanese Children

“…In the DSM-5, trichotillomania is classified as a disorder related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. The diagnosis of trichotillomania considers the presence or absence of hair pulling, the extent of hair loss, and subsequent functional impairment, such as withdrawing from social outings due to worries over the hair's appearance, while ruling out alternative causes, such as autoimmune disease, an atopic predisposition, or type 1 diabetes [30].…”