Exercise-Dependent Preference for a Mixture of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Homeostatic Control of Brain Serotonin in Exercising Rats

Smriga, Miro; Kameishi, Makiko; Torii, Kunio

doi:10.1093/jn/136.2.548s

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…BCAAs compete with free tryptophan by binding to the same transport of neutral amino acids in the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the entry of tryptophan into the central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by the ratio plasma free tryptophan: BCAA and favored by the decrease in BCAA concentration in the blood, resulting from the increased rate of oxidation [41]. Thus, the decrease in glycogen stores, increased oxidation of BCAA and high concentration of plasma fatty acids act as important factors in increasing the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the CNS, and this is dependent on the availability of tryptophan—a precursor of serotonin—in the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise

et al. 2012

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This study aimed to determine the effects of diets chronically supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on the fatigue mechanisms of trained rats. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were trained for six weeks. The training protocol consisted of bouts of swimming exercise (one hour a day, five times a week, for six weeks). The animals received a control diet (C) (n = 12), a diet supplemented with 3.57% BCAA (S1) (n = 12), or a diet supplemented with 4.76% BCAA (S2) (n = 12). On the last day of the training protocol, half the animals in each group were sacrificed after one hour of swimming (1H), and the other half after a swimming exhaustion test (EX). Swimming time until exhaustion was increased by 37% in group S1 and reduced by 43% in group S2 compared to group C. Results indicate that the S1 diet had a beneficial effect on performance by sparing glycogen in the soleus muscle (p < 0.05) and by inducing a lower concentration of plasma ammonia, whereas the S2 diet had a negative effect on performance due to hyperammonemia (p < 0.05). The hypothalamic concentration of serotonin was not significantly different between the 1H and EX conditions. In conclusion, chronic BCAA supplementation led to increased performance in rats subjected to a swimming test to exhaustion. However, this is a dose-dependent effect, since chronic ingestion of elevated quantities of BCAA led to a reduction in performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise

et al. 2012

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“…BCAAs play a role in delayed onset of muscle soreness and fatigue, and suppression of fatigue in the central nervous system (2,3). BCAAs have been also used for the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis (4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

High Incidence of Lipid Deposition in the Liver of Rats Fed a Diet Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids under Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Kaimoto

Shibuya

Nishikawa

et al. 2013

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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73Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) composed of valine, leucine, and isoleucine are essential amino acids and account for about 40% of dietary essential amino acids in body protein and about 15% of total amino acids in muscle proteins (1). BCAAs play a role in delayed onset of muscle soreness and fatigue, and suppression of fatigue in the central nervous system (2, 3). BCAAs have been also used for the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis (4, 5). Recently, sport enthusiasts have created an increased demand for dietary supplements with BCAAs and have increased their consumption of BCAAs-enriched soft drinks.The first step in the catabolism of BCAAs involves branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT; EC 2.6.1.42), a common enzyme. This enzyme requires vitamin B 6, which functions as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions of amino acid metabolism (6, 7). However, little information is available on the relationship between supplementation with BCAAs and the recommended daily allowance of vitamin B6. In addition, it is known that a high-protein diet (e.g., 70% casein diet) under vitamin B6 deficiency has a negative impact on several biochemical parameters and leads to fatty liver in rats (8-10).Our previous study showed that providing supplemented BCAAs under vitamin B6 deficiency and a 20% casein diet caused an accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, and individual differences in biological responses were observed (11). It is possible that a disorder of amino acid metabolism in the presence of vitamin B6 deficiency might influence the assembly of lipids and apolipoproteins and/or the secretion of lipoproteins. Among the serum lipoproteins, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is present during endogenous lipogenesis in the liver and its major apolipoproteins are apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo C, and apo E (12). It is interesting to compare serum apo B and apo E levels, and hepatic apoE levels to evaluate lipid deposition, because apo B and apo E are key determinants responsible for cellular recognition and internalization of chylomicron remnants, VLDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (13,14). In this study, we investigated the possible mechanism of lipid deposition in the liver of rats fed with the supplementation of BCAA under vitamin B 6 deficiency and suggested the presence of impaired secretion of VLDL into the bloodstream from the liver. Materials and MethodsDiets and animals. Four diets composed of purified 20% vitamin-free casein diet with (1) or without (2) vitamin B6 (7.0 mg of pyridoxine HCl/kg of diet) and with (1) or without (2) Summary Male Wistar rats were fed four diets composed of purified 20% vitamin-free casein diet with (1) or without (2) vitamin B6 (7.0 mg of pyridoxine HCl/kg of diet) and with (1) or without (2) branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) of valine, leucine, and isoleucine (4.75%): B6 (1)BCAA (2); B6(1)BCAA(1); B6 (2)BCAA (2); and B6 (2)BCAA (1) for 21 d. Among rats fed the B6(2)BCAA(1) diet, about a half showed lipid deposition in the liver. On the other...

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“…Similarly, a study specifically looking at the impact of various amino acids on water intake in rats reported no change in water consumption when the animals were provided BCAAs (Anderson et al, 1994). Of interest, however, exercising rats given the choice between plain water versus a BCAA enriched solution prefer the latter (Smriga et al, 2006). The impact that the BCAA supplement had on water consumption in the current study is therefore notable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation in Combination with Voluntary Running Improves Body Composition in Female C57BL/6 Mice

Platt

Charnigo

Shertzer

2015

Journal of Dietary Supplements

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Exercise is an inexpensive intervention that may be used to reduce obesity and its consequences. In addition, many individuals who regularly exercise utilize dietary supplements to enhance their exercise routine and to accelerate fat loss or increase lean mass. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a popular supplement and have been shown to produce a number of beneficial effects in rodent models and humans. Therefore, we hypothesized that BCAA supplementation would protect against high fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance and obesity in mice with and without access to exercise. We subjected 80 female C57BL/6 mice to a paradigm of HFD feeding, exercise in the form of voluntary wheel running, and BCAA supplementation in the drinking water for 16 weeks (n = 10 per group). Body weight was monitored weekly, while food and water consumption were recorded twice weekly. During the 5th, 10th, and 15th weeks of treatment, glucose tolerance and body composition were analyzed. Exercise significantly improved glucose tolerance in both control-fed and HFD-fed mice. BCAA supplementation, however, did not significantly alter glucose tolerance in any treatment group. While BCAA supplements did not improve lean to fat mass ratio in sedentary mice, it significantly augmented the effects of exercise on this parameter.

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Exercise-Dependent Preference for a Mixture of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Homeostatic Control of Brain Serotonin in Exercising Rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Performance and Fatigue Mechanisms of Rats Submitted to Prolonged Physical Exercise

High Incidence of Lipid Deposition in the Liver of Rats Fed a Diet Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids under Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation in Combination with Voluntary Running Improves Body Composition in Female C57BL/6 Mice

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