Exosome Biochemistry and Advanced Nanotechnology for Next‐Generation Theranostic Platforms

Abstract

Recent marked technological advances in the field of exosome nanotechnology have provided unprecedented opportunities to bloom the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics, which have laid a solid basis for scientific community to design exosome-based nanotheranostic platforms. The unique structural/ compositional/morphological characteristics of exosomes as natural nanocarriers, as well as their fascinating physicochemical/biochemical properties, which underpin their special physiopathological roles, have triggered the concept that these cell-derived nanovesicles with intrinsic biological functions can be highly competent for the establishment of next-generation nanomedicine. Herein, efforts are made to give a comprehensive overview on the recent advances of exosome nanotechnology based on the representative examples of the current state of the art of exosome-based research, ranging from their formation, biological function, preparation, and characterization to their extensive nanomedical applications. It is highly expected that the better and clearer elucidation of the fundamental principles for advanced nanotechnology in constructing exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms, as well as integrating the intrinsic advantages of exosomes as endogenous cell-derived nanocarriers with the advanced design methodology of traditional nanomedicine, will help to unlock the innate powers of exosomes for the establishment of nextgeneration theranostic nanoplatforms.

Exosomal miRNA-215-5p Derived from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Attenuates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition of Podocytes by Inhibiting ZEB2

“…In the present study, ADSCs-Exo preparations significantly reversed the effects of serum from DN patients, and high concentration of HG-triggered podocyte EMT, which provides theoretical support for clinical treatment of DN through regulating EMT progression of podocytes. Exosomes are the nanosized membrane-bound delivery vesicles, which play a critical role in regulating cellular biofunction by mediating cell-to-cell communication [31]. Exosomes extracted from HG-treated glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) can be internalized by podocytes, leading to podocyte EMT and renal fibrosis [32,33].…”

Prospects and challenges of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery system: considering cell source

“…This nature of EVs shed light on future DDS, although EVs are also accumulated in liver, and other important organs, such as pancreas. Nevertheless, compared with other delivery systems, such as adenoviruses, lentiviruses, retroviruses, lipid transfection reagents, and lipid nanoparticles, EV-based DDS is well recognized to have limited immunogenicity and cytotoxicity (van der Meel et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2019;Yang et al, 2019).…”

Progress in Microfluidics‐Based Exosome Separation and Detection Technologies for Diagnostic Applications

“…Currently, although several reviews have reported and discussed the advances in exosomes, most have focused on specific aspects of the exosomes field, such as conventional exosome separation or enrichment techniques, the biological role of exosomes, and exosome detection techniques. [63][64][65][66] To better understand the significance of exosomes in diagnostic application fields, we will discuss the biogenesis and contents of exosomes. Progresses in exosome separation and detection techniques will also be reviewed based on certain representative exosome studies.…”