Expanded Hopelessness Theory of Depression: On the Mechanisms by which Social Support Protects Against Depression

Panzarella, Catherine; Alloy, Lauren B.; Whitehouse, Wayne G.

doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3

Cited by 110 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…One possible explanation for our findings, viewed within the context of this theory, is that participants with depressive symptoms perceived people who provided reassurance to be ''close.'' Furthermore, the literature provides other mechanisms to explain the positive benefits of close relationships for those with depressive symptoms, such as adaptive inferential feedback (Panzarella et al, 2006). Future studies examining social interactions in the daily lives of those with depressive symptoms should attempt to examine specific mechanisms by which close relationships are beneficial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study of nondepressed undergraduates (Panzarella et al, 2006) found that people who received more adaptive inferential feedback (i.e., feedback in which friends and family reframe life events in a more adaptive or positive light) experienced improvements in depressive symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of general social support and stressful life events. For example, a person with depression might benefit from having a friend describe his or her recent job loss as an opportunity for a ''fresh start,'' rather than as a tragedy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An Experience-Sampling Study of Depressive Symptoms and Their Social Context

Brown¹,

Strauman²,

Barrantes‐Vidal³

et al. 2011

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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Both clinical and subclinical depression are associated with social impairment; however, few studies have examined the impact of social contact in the daily lives of people with depressive symptoms. The current study used the experience-sampling methodology to examine associations between depressive symptoms, social contact, and daily life impairment in 197 young adults. Depressive symptoms were associated with increased isolation, negative affect, anhedonia, and physical symptoms, decreased positive affect, and social and cognitive impairment in daily life. For people with more depressive symptoms, being with social partners who were perceived as close was associated with greater decreases in negative affect, as well as increases in positive affect. Ironically, participants with depressive symptoms reported spending less time with people whom they perceived as close, minimizing the protective effects of socializing. These results suggest that people experiencing depressive symptoms may be especially sensitive to the nature of social interactions.Key Words: Depression, experience-sampling method, ecological momentary assessment.(J Nerv Ment Dis 2011;199: 403Y409) D epressive disorders are among the most common psychological diagnoses, with lifetime prevalence estimates ranging from 16% to 31% for women and 11% to 18% for men (American Psychological Association, 2004). A substantial body of research indicates that clinical and subclinical levels of depression are associated with impaired social functioning and decrements in perceived social support. For example, low self-reported social support is highly correlated with the onset and outcome of depressive episodes (Billings and Moos, 1984). This is especially problematic because perceived social support appears to be protective against stressful life events (Cohen and Wills, 1985) and, thus, those with depressive symptoms may be deprived of a powerful buffer against life stress. Deficits in social functioning correspond to the severity of depressive symptoms and may improve when depression remits (e.g., Airaksinen et al., 2006). Furthermore, cognitive-behavioral therapy is associated with improvements in depression that co-occur with improvements in social functioning (Scott et al., 2000). Not surprisingly, treatments for depression, such as Interpersonal Psychotherapy (e.g., Klerman et al., 1984), often focus on the expression and treatment of depression within the social environment.A growing body of literature suggests that people with clinical and subclinical depression may be sensitive to the quality and closeness of social interactions. A recent study of nondepressed undergraduates (Panzarella et al., 2006) found that people who received more adaptive inferential feedback (i.e., feedback in which friends and family reframe life events in a more adaptive or positive light) experienced improvements in depressive symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of general social support and stressful life events. For example, a person with depressio...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experience-Sampling Study of Depressive Symptoms and Their Social Context

Brown¹,

Strauman²,

Barrantes‐Vidal³

et al. 2011

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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show abstract

“…Unfortunately, reappraisal strategies do not come naturally to everyone and they can be hard to utilize during high intensity emotional situations (Sheppes & Gross, 2011). While peers can be a great source of reappraisal assistance (Marroquín, 2011;Panzarella, Alloy, & Whitehouse, 2006), social support is not always available and some situations may necessitate anonymity. New technologies could help serve these needs by providing reappraisal support that is at once anonymous, real-time and contextualized to the unique circumstances of the user.…”

Section: Positive Reappraisalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowd-powered positive psychological interventions

Morris

Picard

2014

The Journal of Positive Psychology

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Recent advances in crowdsourcing have led to new forms of assistive technologies, commonly referred to as crowd-powered devices. To best serve the user, these technologies crowdsource human intelligence as needed, when automated methods alone are insufficient. In this paper, we provide an overview of how these systems work and how they can be used to enhance technological interventions for positive psychology. As a specific example, we describe previous work that crowdsources positive reappraisals, providing users timely and personalized suggestions for ways to reconstrue stressful thoughts and situations. We then describe how this approach could be extended for use with other positive psychological interventions. Finally, we outline future directions for crowd-powered positive psychological interventions.

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“…The CSQ interacts with negative life events to predict event-specific negative inferences (e.g., Hankin et al, 2005;Hong, Gwee, & Karia, 2006;. The CSQ is also significantly associated with hopelessness (e.g., Gibb, Alloy, Abramson, & Marx, 2003;Haeffel et al, in press;Hong et al, 2006;Panzarella et al, 2006), which has been shown to mediate the relationship between the CSQ and depression (e.g., Hong et al, 2006;Metalsky & Joiner, 1992;Panzarella et al, 2006). These findings, again, provide solid support for the construct validity of the CSQ as a measure of the cognitive vulnerability factor featured in the hopelessness theory.…”

Section: Evaluating the Csq Within Hopelessness Theory's Etiological mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression: Development and validation of the cognitive style questionnaire

Haeffel

Gibb

Metalsky

et al. 2008

Clinical Psychology Review

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154

160

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The Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ) measures the cognitive vulnerability factor featured in the hopelessness theory of depression. The CSQ has been used in over 30 published studies since its inception, yet detailed information about the psychometric and validity properties of this instrument has yet to be published. In this article, we describe the development of the CSQ and review reliability and validity evidence. Findings to date using college samples, indicate that the CSQ is a reliable measure of cognitive vulnerability with a high degree of construct validity.According to the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989), some individuals have a cognitive vulnerability that interacts with negative life events to increase the likelihood of depression. Hopelessness theory defines cognitive vulnerability as the tendency of an individual to make particular kinds of inferences about the cause, consequences, and self-worth implications of negative life events. Specifically, when faced with a negative life event, an individual who has a cognitive vulnerability is likely to: (a) attribute the event to stable and global causes; (b) view the event as likely to lead to other negative consequences; and (c) construe the event as implying that he or she is unworthy or deficient. Individuals who generate these negative inferences are hypothesized to be at risk for hopelessness, which is viewed as a proximal and sufficient cause of depression.

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Expanded Hopelessness Theory of Depression: On the Mechanisms by which Social Support Protects Against Depression

Cited by 110 publications

References 50 publications

An Experience-Sampling Study of Depressive Symptoms and Their Social Context

An Experience-Sampling Study of Depressive Symptoms and Their Social Context

Crowd-powered positive psychological interventions

Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression: Development and validation of the cognitive style questionnaire

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