“…In this sense, many MPPT techniques have been introduced and discussed such as perturb and observe (P&O) [8][9][10], modified P&O [11][12][13][14][15][16], incremental conductance (IC) [17][18][19][20][21], the beta method [22,23], ripple correlation [24,25], system oscillation [26,27], MPP locus characterization [28], backstepping MPPT [29], reinforcement learning MPPT [30], integral backstepping [31], and sliding mode-based techniques [32][33][34]. Additionally, algorithms based on metaheuristics can optimize energy harvesting in the face of partial shading, i.e., where the P×V curve presents more than one peak of power [35,36].…”