“…The carbon emissions of the cement only during the manufacturing process is 1.5 billion tonnes which is 5-7 % of the total CO 2 emission globally in a year which is recorded as the highest contribution towards environmental pollution [13,14,17]. Hence low CO 2 binding agents are abstracted from industrial by-products which are rich in silica and alumina such as Metakaolin [15,18], Fly ash [1,13,16,18], Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) [1,15], Palm Oil Fuel Ash [26], calcinated clays, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) [31] and some natural zeolites. It is noted that the CO 2 emission is reduced by 60% in the manufacturing of geopolymer concrete [15].…”