Experimental Indoor Visible Light Positioning Systems With Centimeter Accuracy Based on a Commercial Smartphone Camera

Abstract

We consider indoor positioning based on visible light where the receiver adopts a commercial smartphone camera. Two positioning approaches are proposed, either the light emitting diode (LED) positions are known or not. When the LED positions are known, the LED light signal intensities are measured to identify the identity of each LED in the image. Triangular similarity is adopted to estimate the receiver position. When the LED positions are unknown, we develop a shift rotation model on the receiver movement and further propose a novel indoor positioning algorithm. The algorithm estimates the rotation center in the image instead of treating the image center as the rotation center, leading to reduced positioning error. To achieve high accuracy, a location reference point is set such that the positioning errors of multiple LEDs have little effect. According to the experimental results, the average positioning error can be reduced to 1 cm, which outperforms the reported experimental results with receiver-ceiling distance larger than 2 m.

Impact of a Photodiode’s Angular Characteristics on RSS-Based VLP Accuracy

“…Fact is that both allow accurate positioning. In [5], the authors obtain a post-processed average error of respectively 5.98 cm and 8.68 cm in x and y-direction, when localising a commercial smartphone camera in 82 points underneath a high LED-density setup. Nakazawa et al [6] equipped a 256 by 240 pixels camera with a fish-eye lens in order to achieve a reported minimal horizontal accuracy of 10 cm in a 5.4 m × 7.5 m × 3 m room.…”

“…Technically, Exp, also describes a lens, but is here considered as a ψ dependence. This paper also proposes (d) a new quadratic R P (ψ) model, denoted as Square (SQ) and presented in (5).…”

Indoor Visible Light Positioning Using Spring-Relaxation Technique in Real-World Setting

“…Practical systems reported in the literature tend to employ specialized hardware [18] or bespoke luminaires [36]. Also they are often limited to small-scale testbeds [25], [37], [38] with experiments being conducted within a controlled environment [39].…”

Exploring Fast Fingerprint Construction Algorithm for Unmodulated Visible Light Indoor Localization

“…Most visible light indoor positioning needs the support of visible light communication (VLC) technology [20][21][22][23][24]. VLC requires additional equipment to adjust the frequency of light, and most of them require photodiodes as the receiving end, which increases deployment costs [25][26][27][28]. Some scholars recently proposed visible light positioning (VLP) methods which do not need VLC support to match the visible light fingerprint dataset [9,[29][30][31][32].…”