Experimental investigations of factors controlling the collision induced dissociation spectra of peptide ions in a tandem hybrid mass spectrometer. I. Leucine enkephalin

Alexander, A. J.; Boyd, Robert K.

doi:10.1016/0168-1176(89)80069-2

Cited by 96 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The C-terminal ions observed, in order of increasing energy requirements, are: y 2 Ͻ GG ϩ / GGF ϩ Ͻ y 1 . A similar progression of energy requirements was reported by Harrison [6] over ESI source cone voltages in the range of 44 -62 V. The presence of the GF ϩ internal fragment was reported by only two other groups, Alexander and Boyd [14] in a CID spectrum with E LAB ϭ 70 eV with 90% attenuation of MH ϩ using a sector instrument and Wysocki and coworkers [44] under thermal degradation conditions for which the ions were at temperatures between 658 and 679 K. In general other studies appear to have been undertaken under CID [48,51] or thermal conditions [47], which were insufficiently energetic to allow decompositions to the extent of producing either these internal fragments or immonium ions.…”

Section: Fragmentationsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…This progression is consistent with a series of consecutive fragmentations. Harrison [6] and Alexander and Boyd [14] previously demonstrated such consecutive fragmentations for LeuEnk, using electrospray ionization and in-source CID, but to our knowledge, such behavior has not been previously demonstrated in MALDI.…”

Section: Fragmentationmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Simultaneously these studies made it possible to describe ion dissociation leading to the production of characteristic amino acid side-chain fragment ions. More recently, the remarkable successes of electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with triple quadrupole or ion trap type mass analyzers has led to intense study of the low-energy fragmentations typically seen in these analyzers [6,14]. At the same time, more extensive fragmentation has been observed by Wysocki and coworkers [4] using surface-induced dissociation of electrosprayed ions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fragmentation of leucine enkephalin as a function of laser fluence in a MALDI TOF-TOF

Campbell¹,

Vestal²,

Blank

et al. 2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The effects of laser fluence on ion formation in MALDI were studied using a tandem TOF mass spectrometer with a Nd-YAG laser and ␣-cyano hydrocinnamic acid matrix. Leucine enkephalin ionization and fragmentation were followed as a function of laser fluence ranging from the threshold of ion formation to the maximum available, that is, about 280 -930 mJ/mm 2 . The most notable finding was the appearance of immonium ions at fluence values close to threshold, increasing rapidly and then tapering in intensity with the appearance of typical backbone fragment ions. The data suggest the presence of two distinct environments for ion formation. One is associated with molecular desorption at low values of laser fluence that leads to extensive immonium ion formation. The second becomes dominant at higher fluences, is associated initially with backbone type fragments, but, at the highest values of fluence, progresses to immonium fragments. This second environment is suggestive of ion desorption from large pieces of material ablated from the surface. Arrhenius rate law considerations were used to estimate temperatures associated with the onset of these two processes. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2007, 18, 607-616)

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Section: Fragmentationsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Fragmentationmentioning

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fragmentation of leucine enkephalin as a function of laser fluence in a MALDI TOF-TOF

Campbell¹,

Vestal²,

Blank

et al. 2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…In some cases, relative yield of y-and b-ions was found related to the PAs of dissociation counterparts [26,27]. Interestingly, in early experimental reports on YGGFL dissociation, relative intensities of "complementary" y 2 and b 3 fragments were found to be indicative of the amount of internal energy deposited into the leucine-enkephalin parent ion [8,11]. If the PBD transition was the only contributing channel for these ions, and the proton migration on to one of the dissociation counterparts happened (fast) at the final stage of decomposition, such energy dependence would be hard to explain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, leucine enkephalin was used for evaluation of performance of the multiple-resonance CID experiments. Primary decomposition of this ion has been characterized in a number of kinetic and dynamic studies [7][8][9][10] and used -in direct or comparative manner -to estimate the internal energy up-take for a variety of induceddissociation experimental protocols [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Overall, its CID spectral patterns have been recorded for a wide range of internal energies using a variety of activation methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing low-energy sequential decomposition pathways of leucine enkephalin and its N- and C-terminus fragments using multiple-resonance CID in quadrupolar ion guide

Rakov¹,

Borisov²,

Whitehouse³

2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The simultaneous resonant low-energy excitation of leucine enkephalin and its fragment ions was demonstrated in a collision cell of the multipole-quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. Using low-amplitude multiple-resonance excitation CID, we were able to show the exclusive sequential fragmentation of N-and C-terminus fragments all the way to the final fragmentsimmonium ions of phenylalanine or tyrosine. In this CID mode the single-channel dissociation of each new generation of fragments followed the lowest energy decomposition pathways observable on the time scale of our experiment. Up to six generations of sequential dissociation were carried out in multiple-resonance CID experiments. The direct qualitative comparison of fragmentation of axial-acceleration versus resonant (radial) CID was performed in the same instrument. In both activation methods, fragmentation patterns suggested complex decomposition mechanisms attributable to dynamic competition between sequential and parallel dissociation channels. R esonant harmonic excitation of ions is the primary method for MS detection and activation of induced dissociation in most ion traps. Simultaneous excitation of ions of different m/z ratios is routinely employed to illuminate dissociation pathways using ion traps. It can also be used in harmonic ion guides in order to selectively eject or dissociate ions on their way to an MS analyzer. This paper reports results of validation of a nontrapping multiple frequency component low-energy resonant collision-induced dissociation (CID) in a linear quadrupole ion guide.Several of the ion activation methods used in modern MS instruments are selective, by nature, and target exclusively the parent ion, supplying no additional energy to its primary fragments. As examples of such methods, the sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) [1], or on-resonance CID in ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cells [2] can be mentioned. Other activation methods, such as infrared multi-photon dissociation (IRMPD), and its variations [3,4], or black body infrared dissociation (BIRD) [5] are nonselective, by nature, and always excite primary fragments along with the parent ion. A vast majority of ion activation methods may excite primary fragments depending on the condition of the experiment. In such methods, modeling of the dissociation process can be quite complex. For example, in surface induced dissociation (SID) experiments with moderate impact energies, the dissociation event most likely comprises activation of only the parent ion at the surface, followed by its recoil and subsequent unimolecular decomposition. In contrast, at high impact energies, more extensive fragmentation can be observed due to on-surface shattering of the precursor and possibly some of its primary fragments [6].Axial CID in ion guides (or in triple-quadrupoles) achieved by accelerating the primary ions into the collision cell operated at an elevated pressure is a potentially nonselective activation technique. If initial collisions of the projectile ion with the backgr...

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Pathways to Immonium Ions in the Fragmentation of Protonated Peptides

et al. 1997

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The pathways leading to the formation of immonium (An) ions in the fragmentation of protonated peptides were investigated using metastable ion studies, including kinetic energy release measurements, and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation studies. In addition to the established pathway Bn→An+CO, it is shown that B2 ions, in suitable circumstances, fragment directly to A1 ions. In addition, metastable ion studies show that A1 ions can be formed directly from protonated di‐ and tripeptides most likely by concerted elimination of CO and an amino acid or smaller peptide. A2 ions can be formed directly from protonated dipeptides in part through the sequential loss of H2O+CO, although kinetic energy release measurements suggest direct elimination of HCOOH also may be occurring. Internal immonium ions are shown to originate by further fragmentation of An ions and by further fragmentation of Yn″ ions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Experimental investigations of factors controlling the collision induced dissociation spectra of peptide ions in a tandem hybrid mass spectrometer. I. Leucine enkephalin

Cited by 96 publications

References 44 publications

Fragmentation of leucine enkephalin as a function of laser fluence in a MALDI TOF-TOF

Fragmentation of leucine enkephalin as a function of laser fluence in a MALDI TOF-TOF

Establishing low-energy sequential decomposition pathways of leucine enkephalin and its N- and C-terminus fragments using multiple-resonance CID in quadrupolar ion guide

Pathways to Immonium Ions in the Fragmentation of Protonated Peptides

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