Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review

Baiula, Monica; Spampinato, Santi Mario

doi:10.2147/jep.s237487

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The stability of the ocular surface environment is an important factor in the pathological mechanisms of DE (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). The physiological state of the cornea, conjunctiva, and corneal nerve plays a considerable role in the occurrence and development of the DE, and the information transmission of related physiological functions depends on various ion channels at the cellular level (Figure 1) (11).…”

Section: Distribution Of De-related Ion-channels On the Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial ocular surface syndrome that mainly manifests as a series of sensory abnormalities on the ocular surface, including pain, burning sensation, and increased sensitivity to foreign bodies (4,5). Abnormal physiological functions of the corneal epithelium and nerve endings also contribute to DE pathogenesis (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). These abnormalities, along with the dysfunctional expression and function of ion channels on the surface of the eye, further aggravate subjective symptoms of discomfort from DE (11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular Surface Ion-Channels Are Closely Related to Dry Eye: Key Research Focus on Innovative Drugs for Dry Eye

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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Abundant ion-channels, including various perceptual receptors, chloride channels, purinergic receptor channels, and water channels that exist on the ocular surface, play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye. Channel-targeting activators or inhibitor compounds, which have shown positive effects in in vivo and in vitro experiments, have become the focus of the dry eye drug research and development, and individual compounds have been applied in clinical experimental treatment. This review summarized various types of ion-channels on the ocular surface related to dry eye, their basic functions, and spatial distribution, and discussed basic and clinical research results of various channel receptor regulatory compounds. Therefore, further elucidating the relationship between ion-channels and dry eye will warrant research of dry eye targeted drug therapy.

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Section: Distribution Of De-related Ion-channels On the Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Surface Ion-Channels Are Closely Related to Dry Eye: Key Research Focus on Innovative Drugs for Dry Eye

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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“…Dry eye disease (DED), which affects an estimated 25 to 30 million individuals globally, 1 is a multifactorial disease characterized by ocular discomfort, photophobia, visual disturbance, irritation, and burning. 2 , 3 It is generally believed to be the result of a combination of excessive tear evaporation and insufficient tear production. 4 – 6 A poor quality tear film can lead to damage of the underlying epithelial cells, 7 causing further tear film instability and inflammation, 8 exacerbating the disease in a persisting cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 4 – 6 A poor quality tear film can lead to damage of the underlying epithelial cells, 7 causing further tear film instability and inflammation, 8 exacerbating the disease in a persisting cycle. 3 , 7 , 9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first-line treatments for DED is the use of ocular lubricants (also commonly referred to as artificial tears or eye drops). 3 , 10 Typically, artificial tears are composed of electrolytes, surfactants, lubricants, and preservatives. Once applied, the lubricants spread evenly over the ocular surface to provide relief of inflammation and minimize friction between the eyelid and surface of the eye during blinking and to stabilize the tear film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shear-Thinning and Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Relationships of Contemporary Ocular Lubricants

Kapadia

Ning

Zhao

et al. 2022

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose To evaluate the shear viscosity of contemporary, commercially available ocular lubricants at various shear rates and temperatures and to derive relevant mathematical viscosity models that are impactful for prescribing and developing eye drops to treat dry eye disease. Methods The shear viscosity of 12 ocular lubricants was measured using a rheometer and a temperature-controlled bath at clinically relevant temperatures at which users may experience exposure to the drops (out of the refrigerator [4.3°C]; room temperature [24.6°C]; ocular surface temperature [34.5°C]). Three replicates for each sample at each temperature were obtained using a standard volume (0.5 mL) of each sample. The viscosity of each ocular lubricant was measured over the full range of shear rates allowed by the rheometer. Results The shear viscosity of the same ocular lubricant varied significantly among the three temperatures. In general, a higher temperature resulted in smaller viscosities than a lower temperature (an average of −48% relative change from 4.3°C to 24.6°C and −21% from 24.6°C to 34.5°C). At a constant temperature, the viscosity of an ocular lubricant over the studied shear rates can be well approximated by a power-law model. Conclusions Rheological analysis revealed that the ocular lubricants exhibited shear-thinning behavior at the measured temperatures. Differences in the ocular lubricants’ formulations and measured temperatures resulted in different viscosities. Translational Relevance When prescribing eye drops, eye care professionals can select the optimal one for their patients by considering a variety of factors, including its rheological property at physiologically relevant shear rates and temperatures, which can improve residence time on the ocular surface, while ensuring appropriate comfort and vision. However, care must be taken when using the derived mathematical models in this study because the in vivo shear behavior of the ocular lubricants has not been examined and might show deviations from those reported when placed on the ocular surface.

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