Experimental Production of Epididymitis with Sterile Urine; Clinical Implications

Graves, Richard S.; Engel, William J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)68683-x

Cited by 37 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It has also been implicated in the aetiology of infantile pneumonia (Beem and Saxon, 1977), cervicitis and non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease in women (Mardh et al, 1977;Paavonen, 1979). Some authors have produced epididymitis in dogs by injecting sterile urine into the epididymis and ligating the vas deferens (Graves and Engel, 1950), but we do not think that reflux of sterile urine is a cause of epididymitis in humans. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the epididymal aspirate for the first time by Harnisch et al (1977) and Berger et al (1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis in Acute Epididymitis

Jong

Pontonnier

Plante

et al. 1988

British Journal of Urology

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Twenty-five patients with bacteriologically proven epididymitis were studied between 1984 and 1986. Thirteen were less than 35 years old and in 11 of them Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated; of the 2 remaining patients Escherichia coli was found in 1 and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the other. In patients more than 35 years old, gram negative bacteria were the cause of infection in 10 and only 1 case was attributable to Chlamydia trachomatis. These results suggest that Chlamydia trachomatis is much more frequent in men under the age of 35 and the difference is statistically significant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis in Acute Epididymitis

Jong

Pontonnier

Plante

et al. 1988

British Journal of Urology

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“…It is this angle of entry into the prostatic urethra together with the small size of the ducts that prevents refl ux [1] . It is thought that UER is the result of a dilation of the ductular structures or an abnormal anatomical relationship to the urethra, of a congenital or obstructive nature [1,4] . These suppositions are confi rmed by the age of patients seen our study and the conditions they suff ered from.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Refl ux of urine into the ducts of the prostate, seminal vesicles and vas deferens may result in epididymitis and orchitis in children [2] . The long-term eff ects of these recurrent infections have been postulated to lead to the deterioration of patient fertility [4] . Although some patients with urethro-ejaculatory duct refl ux (UER) present with uro-genital infections, others may be asymptomatic, even with demonstrably severe refl ux.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urethro-ejaculatory Duct Reflux in Children: An Updated Review

Wiersma

2009

Eur J Pediatr Surg

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UER is more common then originally thought. All boys who present with uro-genital symptoms should have a MCUG as part of the investigative work-up and be scrutinized for UER. Management should aim at correcting any underlying anomaly and providing prolonged antibiotics, but vasectomy and the injection of a bulking agent should be considered. The indications for these newer forms of treatment are not clearly defined.

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“…There are also reports of epididymitis in men resulting from systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, cryptococcosis and brucellosis (Gottesman 1974;Kazzaz and Salmo 1974;Mitchell and Huins 1974;William, Felman and Corsaro 1979;Thomas, Simpson, Ostojic and Kaul 1981). Graves and Engle (1950) suggested that the reflux of urine into the vas deferens causes epididymitis in dogs; however, controversy still exists in the human literature regarding this theory. As this aetiology remains a possibility, it would appear prudent to perform a complete urinalysis including urine culture in suspected cases of epididymitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%