Experimental Psychology

Woodworth, R. S.

doi:10.1097/00005053-194006000-00068

Cited by 158 publications

(190 citation statements)

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“…In line with previous observations, we demonstrated how instructed S-R rules can result in the automatic activation of responses upon stimulus presentation, even when irrelevant (Liefooghe et al, 2012(Liefooghe et al, , 2013Meiran et al, 2015a;Theeuwes et al, 2014;Wenke et al, 2007). This observation is in line with theories on the prepared reflex (Exner, 1879;Woodworth, 1938;Hommel, 2000), suggesting that instructions allows us to prepare a state of high readiness in which we can execute a response to a stimulus with very little additional effort. In their recent review, Meiran, Cole, and Braver (2012) suggested that this reflexive nature of instruction-based intentions is also what might make them rigid, relative to practiced plans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

There are limits to the effects of task instructions: Making the automatic effects of task instructions context-specific takes practice.

Braem¹,

Liefooghe²,

Houwer³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Unlike other animals, humans have the unique ability to share and use verbal instructions to prepare for upcoming tasks. Recent research showed that instructions are sufficient for the automatic, reflex-like activation of responses. However, systematic studies into the limits of these automatic effects of task instructions remain relatively scarce. In this study, the authors set out to investigate whether this instruction-based automatic activation of responses can be context-dependent. Specifically, participants performed a task of which the stimulus-response rules and context (location on the screen) could either coincide or not with those of an instructed to-be-performed task (whose instructions changed every run). In 2 experiments, the authors showed that the instructed task rules had an automatic impact on performance-performance was slowed down when the merely instructed task rules did not coincide, but, importantly, this effect was not context-dependent. Interestingly, a third and fourth experiment suggests that context dependency can actually be observed, but only when practicing the task in its appropriate context for over 60 trials or after a sufficient amount of practice on a fixed context (the context was the same for all instructed tasks). Together, these findings seem to suggest that instructions can establish stimulus-response representations that have a reflexive impact on behavior but are insensitive to the context in which the task is known to be valid. Instead, context-specific task representations seem to require practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

There are limits to the effects of task instructions: Making the automatic effects of task instructions context-specific takes practice.

Braem¹,

Liefooghe²,

Houwer³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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show abstract

“…Calculations of C-fiber conduction velocity were based on the conduction distance between thenar foot eminences and the T 12 spinous process, the central component of reaction time (including conduction within the spinal cord), and the latency to delayed pain (Price et al, 1977). Mean conduction velocity was computed as: Reaction times to simple sensory stimuli, including somatosensory stimuli, range from about 0.1 to 0.2 sec (Robinson, 1934;Woodworth and Schlosberg, 1971). Thus the estimate of 0.15 sec central reaction time used for conduction velocity calculations is within the expected range of middle aged healthy populations.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Conduction Velocity Of Impulses Evoking Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain

Staud

Craggs

Robinson

et al. 2007

Pain

196

155

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Temporal summation of "second pain" (TSSP) is considered to be the result of C-fiber-evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons, termed 'windup'. This phenomenon is dependent on stimulus frequency (≥ 0.33 Hz) and relevant for central sensitization and chronic pain. Previous brain imaging studies have only been used to characterize neural correlates of second pain but not its temporal summation. We utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy volunteers to measure brain responses associated with TSSP. Region of interest analysis was used to assess TSSP related brain activation. Eleven pain-free normal subjects underwent fMRI scanning during repetitive heat pulses to the right foot at 0.33 Hz and 0.17 Hz. Stimulus intensities were adjusted to each individual's heat sensitivity to achieve comparable TSSP ratings of moderate pain in all subjects. As predicted, experimental pain ratings showed robust TSSP during 0.33 Hz but not 0.17 Hz stimuli. fMRI statistical maps identified several brain regions with stimulus and frequency dependent activation consistent with TSSP, including contralateral thalamus (THAL), S1, bilateral S2, anterior and posterior insula (INS), mid-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA). TSSP ratings were significantly correlated with brain activation in somatosensory areas (THAL, S1, left S2), anterior INS, and ACC. These results show that neural responses related to TSSP are evoked in somatosensory processing areas (THAL, S2), as well as in multiple areas that serve other functions related to pain, such as cognition (ACC, PFC), affect (INS, ACC, PAG), premotor activity (SMA, cerebellum), and pain modulation (rostral ACC).

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“…First, the experiments aimed to clarify the role of gaze shifts in a PRP situation with vocal and manual tasks and to test the generality of the claim that gaze shifts happen before response selection (D. E. Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997bVan Duren & Sanders, 1995). Both dual-task investigations and research on eye movements have a long history in experimental psychology (e.g., Woodworth, 1938;Woodworth & Schlosberg, 1954). However, although "People make eye movements almost continuously .…”

Section: Aims Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention, gaze shifting, and dual-task interference from phonological encoding in spoken word planning.

Roelofs

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

110

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Controversy exists about whether dual-task interference from word planning reflects structural bottleneck or attentional control factors. Here, participants named pictures whose names could or could not be phonologically prepared, and they manually responded to arrows presented away from (Experiment 1), or superimposed onto, the pictures (Experiments 2 and 3); or they responded to tones (Experiment 4). Pictures and arrows/tones were presented at stimulus onset asynchronies of 0, 300, and 1,000 ms. Earlier research showed that vocal responding hampers auditory perception, which predicts earlier shifts of attention to the tones than to the arrows. Word planning yielded dual-task interference. Phonological preparation reduced the latencies of picture naming and gaze shifting. The preparation benefit was propagated into the latencies of the manual responses to the arrows but not to the tones. The malleability of the interference supports the attentional control account. This conclusion was corroborated by computer simulations showing that an extension of WEAVERϩϩ (A. Roelofs, 2003) with assumptions about the attentional control of tasks quantitatively accounts for the latencies of vocal responding, gaze shifting, and manual responding.

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Experimental Psychology

Cited by 158 publications

References 0 publications

There are limits to the effects of task instructions: Making the automatic effects of task instructions context-specific takes practice.

There are limits to the effects of task instructions: Making the automatic effects of task instructions context-specific takes practice.

Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain

Attention, gaze shifting, and dual-task interference from phonological encoding in spoken word planning.

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