Exploring blood microbial communities and their influence on human cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single biggest contributor to global mortality. CVD encompasses multiple disorders, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, platelet hyperactivity, stroke, hyperlipidemia, and heart failure. In addition to traditional risk factors, the circulating microbiome or the blood microbiome has been analyzed recently in chronic inflammatory diseases, including CVD in humans. Methods For this review, all relevant original research studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, by using relevant keywords. Results This review demonstrated that elevated markers of systemic bacterial exposure are associated with noncommunicable diseases, including CVD. Studies have shown that the bacterial DNA sequence found in healthy blood belongs mainly to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria phyla. In cardiac events, such as stroke, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction, the increased proportion of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla was found. Lipopolysaccharides are a major component of Proteobacteria, which play a key role in the onset of CVD. Moreover, recently, a study reported the lower cholesterol‐degrading bacteria, including Caulobacterales order and Caulobacteraceae family were both considerably reduced in myocardial infarction. Conclusion Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were shown to be independent markers of the risk of CVD. This finding is evidence for the new concept of the role played by blood microbiota dysbiosis in CVD. However, the association between blood microbiota and CVD is still inconsistent. Thus, more deep investigations are required in future to fully understand the role of the bacteria community in causing and preventing CVD.

Analysis of the blood bacterial composition of patients with acute coronary syndrome and chronic coronary syndrome

“…In addition, a study evaluating the correlations between clinical measures and microbial taxa in the acute coronary syndrome and chronic coronary syndrome groups found no significant link between blood microbiota composition and clinical variables. Our previous study is supported by these findings ( Khan et al., 2022a ).…”

Circulating microbiota and metabolites: Insights into cardiovascular diseases

“… 7 Microbial DNA is often identified in cellular components in healthy people, and the microbial community composition of the healthy gut and blood showed significant alteration. 1 In the gut, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla predominated, while Proteobacteria dominated in the blood. 11 Healthy human circulating bacteria are considered dormant since it does not cause issues like sepsis and inflammation; yet, the circulating microbiome plays a crucial role in natural physiology and immunology.…”

“…The skin and oral microbiota are more closely linked to the blood microbiota, with research on healthy blood suggesting that more bacterial translocation occurs from these niches rather than the stomach under normal physiology 7 . Microbial DNA is often identified in cellular components in healthy people, and the microbial community composition of the healthy gut and blood showed significant alteration 1 . In the gut, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla predominated, while Proteobacteria dominated in the blood 11 .…”

“…Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. 1 It is predicted that by 2030 the number of deaths due to CVD will increase to 23.3 million per year. 2 For instance, a previous report has shown an estimated 17.…”

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA mutations in Pakistani population diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases

“…Though all organs can be affected, mitochondrial diseases are most commonly known to impact the muscles and neurological system. Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as CVDs (Khan et al, 2022). 17.9 million people worldwide die from CVDS every year, accounting for about 31 percent of all deaths worldwide and costing the global economy about $1 trillion annually.…”