Exploring morphological variations of a laser-induced water jet in temporal evolution: formation of an air bubble enclosing a water drop

Abstract

We explore the spatio-temporal dynamics of a water jet that is generated by laser-induced water breakdown beneath a flat free surface. We find that morphological variations in the temporal evolution can be divided into three categories depending on the depth parameter γ , which is the ratio of the water-breakdown depth to the maximum bubble radius. For a depth parameter in the range 0.8 ≤ γ ≤ 1.03, we observe an intriguing pattern formation in which an air bubble perfectly encloses a water drop through the process of the Plateau-Rayleigh instability.

The weighted average test method for the maximum radius of a laser-induced bubble

“…A cavitation bubble occurs when the local pressure is lower than the saturated vapor pressure at ambient temperature [1,2]. Once a cavitation bubble has been induced, it can lead to many special consequences, such as the liquid-jet [3], cavitation noise and high pressure and temperature induced by bubble collapse. These phenomena not only bring certain unwanted effects, but also lead to some useful outcomes.…”