Exploring the feasibility of producing sustainable aviation fuel in the UK using hydrothermal liquefaction technology: A comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment

The future of aviation soars with HTL-based SAFs: exploring potential and overcoming challenges using organic wet feedstocks

“…According to reports, HTL can provide 22.8% of the UK's jet fuel needs using local resources, which can reduce CO 2 emissions by 18.3%. 179 The Muradel's Whyalla facility serves as an illustration of an HTL technology setup, employing subcritical water to process approximately 3 tonnes of 20% w/w solid feedstock per day. Although HTL technologies are primarily used with specialized feedstocks and are not currently commercially available.…”

Global biorenewable development strategies for sustainable aviation fuel production

“…In addition to the certified routes, emerging routes to SAF production include hydrotreated depolymerised cellulosic jet (HDCJ) or also known as "pyrolysis-to-jet" [13], hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) [14][15][16], aqueous phase reforming (APR) [17,18] and aerobic fermentation of second generation sugars to hydrocarbons [19]. HDCJ, the controlled thermal decomposition of dry biomass at moderate temperatures to produce liquid bio-oil, gas and biochar, is a relatively more developed emerging route (awaiting ASTM certification) with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 5-6 [20].…”

“…HDCJ, the controlled thermal decomposition of dry biomass at moderate temperatures to produce liquid bio-oil, gas and biochar, is a relatively more developed emerging route (awaiting ASTM certification) with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 5-6 [20]. On the other hand, HTL and upgrading as an emerging route (TRL 4) has shown increasing potential with the ability to process very wet biomass such as sewage sludge, manure and food waste in contrast to HDCJ which requires dry biomass [14]. However, HTL is currently limited to lab-scale requiring additional process optimisation and further development before reaching commercialisation [20].…”

Techno-economic assessment of jet fuel production using the Fischer-Tropsch process from steel mill gas

“…There are several possible processes to produce SAFs, such as using waste-derived fatty acids, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT), power-to-liquid FT, and alcohol-to-jet (Bauen et al, 2020;Farooq et al, 2020;Huq et al, 2021). Nevertheless, many of these routes also face their own problems.…”