A growing number of studies have linked mindfulness with the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviors. We aim to contribute to this emergent research by putting forward a model in which the relationship between mindfulness and a specific pro-environmental behavior, water conservation, is indirect. In this pursuit, we draw on the hierarchical model for the influence of psychological characteristics on individuals' behaviors. We propose that the relationship between mindfulness and water conservation is mediated by environmental beliefs, namely water utilitarian beliefs, and consumer abilities, specifically water-related perceived consumer effectiveness.To collect the data, we relied on a pretested self-report questionnaire that was distributed in a Portuguese municipality. We retained the responses from 876 individuals, for a net response rate of 54.8%. The research model was tested with structural equation modeling. The results indicate that mindfulness is negatively related to water utilitarian beliefs, that these are negatively related to perceived consumer effectiveness, which, in turn, is positively associated with water conservation behavior. In addition to these direct relationships, the results show that mindfulness is indirectly related to water conservation behavior and to perceived consumer effectiveness, and that water utilitarian beliefs are indirectly related to water conservation behavior. These novel results are used to derive managerial implications.
| INTRODUCTIONRapid population growth, increasing economic activity, and the resource-intensive lifestyle of consumers are placing ever-greater pressure on environmental resources and ecological functions (Kalamas et al., 2014). Not surprisingly, extensive research scrutinizing the drivers of pro-environmental behaviors has emerged, with emphasis being placed on those of a social and psychological nature (e.g., Barbaro & Pickett, 2016;Nguyen et al., 2016;Udall et al., 2020).Recently, research has begun to consider whether mindfulness could drive the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviors (Panno et al., 2018). Ray et al. (2020, p. 866) also noted this as a growing research area, "though modest in its current state." Relatedly, Fischer et al. (2017) concluded that the relationship between mindfulness and sustainable consumption is a "rapidly emerging area." Some of the existing studies have directly related mindfulness to pro-environmental behaviors (