Expression of synemin in the mouse spinal cord

Abstract

beta-Synemin was previously identified as an alpha-dystrobrevin-interacting protein in muscle. To better understand its function in neural tissue, in situ and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to identify where the synemin isoforms are expressed in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 and dystrophin-deficient (mdx) C57BL/10 mice. These analyses show that synemin transcript and its encoded protein colocalize in the anterior horn cells and that no differences in synemin expression were found in nerve tissue from C57BL/6 or mdx mice. The expression of synemin mRNA and protein predominantly in the anterior horn cells suggests that synemin performs an essential function in those cells. Because synemin is more highly expressed in the midbrain and pons, its function in neurological cells was further pursued by identifying coexpressed proteins in cells from those regions of the brain. These results show that neurons that express synemin also express tryptophan hydroxylase-1, a marker of serotoninergic nerve fibers. Muscle Nerve, 2009.

Deep RNA sequencing of pectoralis muscle transcriptomes during late-term embryonic to neonatal development in indigenous Chinese duck breeds

“…The higher expression level of the MYOZ1 gene at E27 in the current study may indicate that the composition of skeletal muscle, in terms of the relative numbers of slow- and fast-twitch fibers, could be adjusted during this development stage. Synemin is necessary for maintaining membrane integrity and regulating signaling molecules during muscle hypertrophy[ 42 – 44 ]. The absence of synemin results in decreased fiber size and increased sarcolemmal deformability and susceptibility to injury[ 45 ], and is encoded by the SYNEM gene, which showed higher expression at E27 in both duck breeds Other genes that showed higher expression levels at E27 included ADIPO (adiponectin, which might slightly enhanced adipogenesis in skeletal muscle and is associated with the intramuscular fat content)[ 46 , 47 ], MYRIP (Rab effector MyRIP, which belongs to the protein kinase A (PKA)-anchoring family, is implicated in hormone secretion, functions as a scaffolding protein that links PKA to components of the exocytosis machinery)[ 48 ], MYBPH (myosin-binding protein H, which is conserved in various animals including chickens, and is a component of the thick filaments of the skeletal muscle and has strong affinity for myosin)[ 49 , 50 ].…”

Synemin Redefined: Multiple Binding Partners Results in Multifunctionality

“…Early research detected synemin in chicken erythrocytes and lens cells (Granger and Lazarides, 1980;. In mammals, synemin has been discovered in lens cells, the retina, the CNS and PNS, hepatic stellate cells of the liver, pancreatic stellate cells (this was species specific, detected in rat and mice but not guinea pig), kidney mesangial cells, and peribronchiolar stellate-shapedfibroblasts (Hirako et al, 2003;Tawk et al, 2003;Jing et al, 2005;Izmiryan et al, 2006Izmiryan et al, , 2009Izmiryan et al, , 2010Schmitt-Graeff et al, 2006;Uyama et al, 2006;Mizuno et al, 2007Mizuno et al, , 2009Luna et al, 2010). Synemin is also expressed in embryonic stem cells and adult muscle stem cells, i.e., satellite cells (de Souza Martins et al, 2011;Li et al, 2014;Mukund and Subramaniam, 2020).…”