During recent years new data have accumulated, greatly improving our understanding of the export processes in bacteria, yeasts, and mammalian cells. The purpose of this article is to describe the present state of knowledge of protein export in Bacillus species, although it is still relatively poorly characterized. Therefore we first describe the more thoroughly characterized export systems of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mammalian cells. General Exported proteins are synthesized initially as preproteins with an amino-terminal extension, the signal peptide.