Extent of tumor removal and molecular markers in cerebral glioblastoma: a combined prognostic factors study in a surgical series of 105 patients

Abstract

Object In this paper, the authors' goal was to evaluate the prognostic value of YKL-40 expression as a prognostic factor for glioblastomas and to compare its validity to the already known MGMT. Methods Between January 2002 and January 2007, 105 patients were treated for cerebral glioblastoma. The extent of removal was classified in 4 groups. YKL-40 expression was evaluated by a semiquantitative immunohistochemical staining scale (0, no staining; 1, mild expression; and 2, strong expression). MGMT promoter methylation status was analyzed with methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. All patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and to compare these parameters between the subgroups stratified by extent of surgical removal, MGMT methylation, and YKL-40 expression. The log-rank test was used to determine statistical significance. A multivariate regression analysis was applied to extent of removal, YKL-40 expression, and MGMT status to check their specific statistical power and to test the independence of the variables. Results There were 55 men and 50 women with a mean age of 58 years. Extent of surgical removal is reported. The MGMT promoter was methylated in 48 patients and nonmethylated in 57. Analysis of YKL-40 expression is reported. The median PFS was 10.7 months (14.9 months in the gross-total removal subgroup) (p < 0.0001), and the median OS was 12.5 months (17.4 months in the gross-total removal group) (p < 0.0001). In the univariate analysis, OS was significantly correlated to the extent of resection (p < 0.0001), MGMT status (p < 0.0001), and YKL-40 (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that all 3 factors reached statistical significance with respect to patient survival. In particular, surgical removal contributed more than the 2 other factors to the survival prediction (β = −0.6254). Interestingly, YKL-40 (β = −0.3867) contributed more than MGMT (β = −0.1705) to the predicted survival. Conclusions The extent of removal is the most important factor influencing the OS of patients harboring glioblastomas. When biological aggressiveness is taken into account, YKL-40 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor that predicts OS better than MGMT status.

Extraneural metastases in glioblastoma patients: two cases with YKL-40-positive glioblastomas and a meta-analysis of the literature

“…In the two present cases, we also investigated markers related to mesenchymal phenotype and drug resistance, as YKL-40 and c-Met [29,39,68]. Recently, Giangaspero et al reported that about 32% of GBM strongly stained for YKL-40, in association with poor survival [57]. YKL-40 was positive in both our cases, both in parental and extracranial localization.…”

The effect of chloroquine treatment in malignant astrocytomas on prognosis

“…In the literature (22,25), along with the studies that indicate that the bigger the resection is, the longer the lifetime will be, there are also some studies that show that the degree of resection has no effect on survival rates (30). On the other hand, Iliadis et al (30) reported that net-enhancing tumor volume before radiochemotherapy was a statistically significant independent variable in the multivariate Cox analysis.…”

“…In some studies on the effect of surgery on life expectancy, the findings have been in favor of aggressive tumor resection (22,25).…”

“…On the other hand, Iliadis et al (30) reported that net-enhancing tumor volume before radiochemotherapy was a statistically significant independent variable in the multivariate Cox analysis. However, in the studies on general prognostic factors, the extent of resection is the more often observed factor that has a desirable effect on survival time (22,25).…”

Neuroimaging and Genetic Influence in Treating Brain Neoplasms

“…Its expression has been used as an adjuvant tool to differentiate GBM from anaplastic oligodendroglioma. 27,28 YKL-40 has the ability to influence the processes of migration, invasion, and angiogenesis that underlie its capacity to stimulate proliferation. 28,29 In an earlier report, higher YKL-40 expression proved to be a negative prognostic marker associated with a lower response to radiation therapy and shorter overall survival.…”